Chapter 1

Confederation: the joining of provinces or states into a unified country under a central government.

Confederation of four BNA colonies created the country of Canada in 1867.

American civil War: happened from 1861 to 1865. A civil war is a war between people who live in the same country. The Northern states were fighting the Southern States.

American civil War caused tension because Britain appeared to have supported the Southern States.

Manifest Destiny: The belief it was natural that the United States would one day expand to control all of North America.

A policy, which frighten the colonies with the fear of an American takeover.

Fenians: a secret Irish American organization that aimed to free Ireland from British control.

Became the argument that uniting the colonies would defend against Fenians.

Reciprocity Treaty 1854: an agreement between countries allowing trade in certain goods without tariffs or taxes.

Colonies worried that if the US reciprocity was cancelled; they would have to trade amongst themselves.

Grand Trunk Railway: an all British route linking Canada West with the Atlantic Ocean at Halifax.

Little Englanders: a small vocal group that believed the colonies was a great burden to Britain. They wanted BNA to become independent and pay their own way.

The views of the Little Englanders were yet another reason that the colonies would have to join together to help each other.

Underground Railroad: the way that black settlers came to BNA between 1840 and 1860. It was the name given to the network of safe houses and people who helped escaped slaves from the US come to Canada.

Charlottetown conference 1864: first of two meetings held to discuss the possibility of a union of former BNA colonies.

Importance: proposed union larger then maritime union

-Set stage for Quebec Conference

Quebec conference 1864: second of Confederation meetings. Resulted in 72 Resolutions the framework for the creation of Canada.

Importance: -set out the structure, framework of now Canadian nation.

Seventy-two Resolutions: working plan for constitution of Canada (the rules which we live by.)

Anti-Confederationalists: people who opposed to Confederation.

British North American Act (BNA Act): was introduced into the British parliament in 1867. The Dominion of Canada was created and it united the four provinces: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the two Canadas renamed Ontario and Quebec. This act was built on the 72 Resolutions worked out at the Quebec conference.

Parliamentary government: a government that has a Prime Minister and a cabinet of senior ministers who controls government policy.

Federal union: deals with matters of concern to the whole nation. But each province deals with its own affairs independently of the central government.

1 July 1867: Confederation day in Canada.  It was the day of the Dominion of Canada  and the people of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Quebec were celebrating.

Dominion of Canada: in 1867, four colonies, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Quebec joined together to form the Dominion of Canada.

John. A Macdonald: was a leader from Canada West.  He greatly helped in the confederation of Canada.  In the case of the Fenian attacks, he turned the attacks into an argument for union of the colonies.  He also attended all of the conferences in talking of confederation He played a role in the Confederation by giving speeches to the people of Canada West, encouraging them that the idea of Confederation was good idea.

Harriet Tubman: After freeing herself from slavery, Harriet Tubman returned to Maryland to rescue other members of her family. In all she is believed to have conducted approximately 300 persons to freedom in the North.

George- Etienne Cartier was from Canada East.  Cartier traveled around Canada East to persuade French- speaking people that they had nothing to worry about.  He explained that in Confederation French and English Canadians would be equal partners.  He promised they would not lose their language, their religion, or their schools. He warned them that if they did not join Confederation, Canada East could be swallowed up by the United States.

George Brown was a leader from Canada West. He gave one of the most impressive speeches in the Assembly.  Brown gave six main reasons why he was in favour of Confederation. He told people:

-         Confederation would change five unimportant colonies into a great and powerful country.

-         It would remove the barriers to trade among the colonies and provide a market of four million people

-         Canada would become the third largest sea-going nation in the world after Britain and the United States.

-         A strong new country would encourage people to come from other countries to settle in Canada.

-         Since the United States had cancelled reciprocity with the colonies.  Confederation would provide other markets for their goods

-         In case of war, all the colonies would stand strong together

Charles Tupper was the premier of Nova Scotia. He was excited and enthusiastic about the possibility of a union. The opposition leaders, especially John Howe was fiercely against the idea of Confederation.  Tupper traveled throughout the colony trying to destroy the arguments of Howe and the anti-confederationalists.

A. A. Dorian: was a critic that complained that Canada East was being sold out.  He argued that French Canadians would be completely outnumbered because the new government would be based on representation by population.

Joseph Howe: The opposition leader in Nova Scotia who was fiercely p\opposed to union. He said that Tupper was selling out Central Canada for the price of Sheepskin.

C.F. Bennett: a wealthy St. Johns merchant who led the fight against Confederation.  He warned that the new government would probably tax their boats, fish and fishing tackle.  Goods from Canada would be cheap so products from NL would not sell. He said that young people would be expected to give up their lives in war, though Canada promised that they would not have to serve in the army on the mainland.

Legislative Assembly: a group of executive and legislative councils that were chosen from a party with the most members in the Assembly

Senate: One feature of government we borrowed from the American government model was that there would be a second Upper house, called the Senate. The senators would be appointed and not elected. The senate would double-check all laws passed by the House of Commons.

Chapter 2

Ruperts Land: land owned by Hudsons Bay Company and stretching over what is the NWT, western Canada and northern Ontario and Quebec. (By purchasing this land Canada now had vast territories to fill up with settlers.)

Red River Settlement: settlement established in 1811 by Lord Selkirk around the present city of Winnipeg. (The settlement presented the way they were ruled by Hudsons Bay Company and preferred to be part of Canada.

North -West Territories: name given to the lands transferred to Canada from the Hudsons Bay Company in 169. (Their lands secured the prairies fro Canada and prevented the Americans from moving in or making a similar deal with the Hudson Bay Company.)

Red River Rebellion 1869-70:  uprising in the Red River colony after Canada bought Ruperts land and sent surveyors without consenting the Metis. (Led to the creation of the province of Manitoba and the Metis Bill of Rights.

National Committee of the Metis: a committee formed by Riel whose purpose was to decide how to protect Metis Rights. (Advise and assisted Riel in governing the land after it was proposed by the Hudsons bay Company.)

Metis Bill of Rights: a list of demands prepared by the Metis and presented to the Canadian government. (Ottawa considered these demands fair until the Thomas Scott affair.)

Manitoba Act: an act, which established the area around Fort Garry as the provinces of Manitoba. (The entry Manitoba into Confederation as Canadas fifth province confirmed the agreement worked out by Riels Provisional government.)

Treaty of Washington 1873: a treaty between Britain and the US to resolve problems between their two countries. (Restored good relations between the US, Canada and Britain and ensured that Canada was free from attack by the USA.)

Canadian Pacific Railway Company: group formed to build the trans - continental railroad. (Macdonald government accused of taking bribes for contract.)

Pacific Scandal: charges of corruption against John. A. Macdonald for taking bribes. (Forced John. A. Macdonald to resign in 1874).

National Policy: (1878) really a three part campaign platform (political promises (east/west trade, peopling the prairies, railroad.)

Indian Act:  government law setting out he rules by which native peoples were to live in Canada (called paternalists which means they treated Natives like Children.)

North -West Rebellion 1885: Riel and Metis try a second time to get a fair deal from Canada (death of Riel causes much trouble from English and French.)

Manitoba Schools Act: law in Manitoba that cancelled rights of French to their own schools etc. (more difficulties between French and English.)

Metis: people from mixed heritage, native and European. (The Metis nation formed the backbone of the fur trade in the west by acting as agents between the naïve groups and the Europeans.)

Provisional Government: government set up by Riel to replace the H.B.C rule of the Red River Colony. (Their governing spoke for their area in negotiations with Canada.)

Thomas Scott was one of the people in a small group who came from Ontario who refused to accept Riels government.  When riots broke out, he was one of the people that were arrested.  He was in jail for taking up arms against Riels government, striking his guards, calling the Metis a pack of cowards, insulting the Catholic Religion and threatening to murder Riel.  He was later sentenced to the death penalty after his trial.  The news of his death caused uproar in Ontario. They were outraged and newspapers throughout the province called for revenge.  They demanded that Riel be hanged for Scotts murder.

In Quebec, many people said Riels actions were justified. They felt sympathetic for him and his government and placed the blame on the troublemakers in Ontario.  The execution of TS aroused bitter feelings between the English and the French Canadians.

Hudsons Bay Company: owned the vast territory known as Ruperts Land since 1870. They traded furs with the Natives.  They also owned the Red River settlement and 12 000 people lived in the colony.  Settlers did like the treatment they were getting from the company and sent a petition to the Canadian government saying they wanted to be part of Canada.  Canada wished to own this land and made a deal with the company to give the land to Canada. 

John. A. Macdonald: had the dream of reaching from sea to sea with Canada and so his government bought Ruperts Land to make Canada stretch from coast to coast. He also set up good relations with the US with the Treaty of Washington.  He was also involved with a scandal, which forced him to resign for five years until he came back into power.  Once he was back he helped to finish the Canadian Railway.

Louis Riel: The leader of the Metis.  He set up the Provisional government as well as an agreement called the Manitoba Act.  He arrested a man named Thomas Scott who was against his government and later killed him, which caused great controversy amongst the French and English.

William Mcdougall: A man sent to Fort Garry to govern the territory.  When he arrived at the border, he found the road blocked by representatives of the National Committee of the Metis.  They told him to return to Ottawa.  They would not have a governor without being consulted first.  McDougell had no choice and turned to the closet American town and waited for orders from Ottawa.

Fort Garry: Where Louis Riel and the Metis set up a government of their own to replace the HBCs rule of the colony.

1 December 1869: The day in which the Red River Settlement would belong to Canada.

Colonel Garnet Wolseley: The man that lead troops made up of Canadian and British men to the Red River in case of any more trouble involving Louis Riel.  With his troops there, it would also be clear to the US that Canada was claiming the west.  It took him 13 weeks to reach Manitoba.

20 July 1871: The day that British Columbia entered the Dominion of Canada.

1 July 1873: The day in which Prince Edward Island joined Confederation with Canada.

Sir Hugh Allan: The man that ran the Canadian Pacific Railway Company.  People found out the Allan and his friends had given large amounts of money to Macdonalds government.  IT looked as if Allan was brining the government for the right to build the railway.  The event became known as the Pacific Scandal.

Alexander Mackenzie: The Prime Minister after Macdonald resigned in 1873.  He was Prime minister for five years and was not enthusiastic about pouring money into the railway project.

George Stephen: formed a company in 1880 with Donald A. Smith to build the railroad.  This company was also called the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. They worked out a deal with Macdonalds government that in return for building the railway, the company would be able to own and operate it.

Donald A. Smith: formed a company in 1880 with George Stephen to build the railroad.  This company was also called the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. They worked out a deal with Macdonalds government that in return for building the railway, the company would be able to own and operate it.

William Cornelius Van Horne: a remarkable railroader that was hired by the CPR to supervise the construction process.  The geography pf Canada presented a gigantic problem for Van Horne and the builders.

Chinese Workers: Thousands of Chinese worked on the BC stretch of the railway for half the wages and were assigned high risk, strenuous jobs.  Almost 200 of them were killed, but without them BC would not have a railway.  When the work was done, many were forced to stay in Canada.  Many had low-paying jobs and felt unwanted.  Over the years, things improved for them and many became prominent citizens and greatly contributed to Canada.

Chapter 3

Horseless Carriage: also known as the automobile. (King Edward VII was helped make them popular.  Henry Ford founded the Detroit Automobile Company in 1899. 9 years after Daimler started his company in Germany.)

John Moodie: A man from Hamilton that was the first motorist in Ontario.  He imported a $1000 Winston from the United States in 1898.

 Alexander Graham Bell:  The man that invented the telephone as well as the man that worked on the problem f flight.  At Baddeck, Nova Scotia, he formed a group known as Aerial Experiment Association.

Aerial Experiment Association: a group formed by Alexander Graham Bell that experimented with planes and tired to see how far they could fly. (McCurdy and Baldwin tried to convince Canadian Government to use them in the military.  They rejected due to a crash in the flight trials, but thirty years later asked McCurdy to be the director of government aircraft production during WWII.

Silver Dart:  A plane flown by another AEA member, Douglas McCurdy in 1909.  The silver Dart was the finest and most easily flown aircraft of its day with McCurdy flying it over the water at Baddeck with a distance 32 km.  McCurdy and Baldwin tried hard to convince the Canadian Government of the military value of an air force.  However, the Silver Dart crash-landed during the flight trials and the military officials rejected the idea of using planes in warfare.

Douglas McCurdy:  He was a member of the AEA who flew the plane called the Silver Dart. The silver Dart was the finest and most easily flown aircraft of its day with McCurdy flying it over the water at Baddeck with a distance 32 km.  McCurdy and Baldwin, another member of the AEA, tried hard to convince the Canadian Government of the military value of an air force.  However, the Silver Dart crash-landed during the flight trials and the military officials rejected the idea of using planes in warfare.

Immigration: the movement of people into a country from other lands. (Almost 2 million people moved to Canada from Europe, Britain, and the US between 1901 and 1911 during the greatest wave of immigration in its history.)

People were looking for new homes, land to farm and better opportunities.

Urbanization: the movement of people into cities and towns. (The rapid increase in the numbers of immigrants coming to Canada meant that more people had to find homes.  Urban poverty related problems of high unemployment and poor housing became very serious.)

Marconi and the first wireless communication:

In 1901, at Signal Hill in St. Johns Newfoundland, he received the first radio signal sent across the Atlantic Ocean.  The following year, with backing of the Canadian government, Marconi built a wireless station at Glace Bay, Nova Scotia.  From there, he set up official transatlantic wireless communication.

Toronto Womens Literacy Club:  a club that taught women their rights ad helped them secure these rights. (The organization persuaded the University of Toronto to admit women in 1886.  They also struggled for laws to improve wages and working conditions for women.  Dr. Emily Stowe formed the group.)

Womens Institute: a group of farmwomen who organized themselves to study nutrition, childcare, household management and sanitation. (In 1897, Adelaine Hoodless put this together. She tried to persuade public schools to introduce courses in domestic science.)

Adelaine Hoodless: the woman that formed the worlds first Womens Institute in 1897.  This group was group of women who organized themselves to study nutrition, childcare, household management, and sanitation.  Her 18 moth old son had died from drinking contaminated milk.  She was determiner to help prevent such deaths.  She worked to persuade public schools to introduce courses in domestic science.

Womens Christian Temperance Union: an organization that aimed to combat the problems created by alcohol in society. (Nellie McClung started the WCTU and argued that women should have exactly the same freedoms as men, and she led in the fight for womens rights.)

Red Wing: a plane flew by an AEA member named Casey Baldwin.  It traveled a distance of 97m.

Queen Victoria: died on 22 January 1901.  She was the ruler of the British Empire, queen of England and empress of India.  She had been queen for 63 years and over a quarter of the world were her subject, including 5.3 million Canadians.  She tried to keep things as they were, although her husband, Albert had been dead for 39 years.  She left his room exactly as it had been.  Victorias eldest son, Bertie became King Edward VII.

Henry Ford: The founder of the Detroit Automobile Company in 1899.

Chapter 4

Imperialism is a policy of establishing colonies away from the homeland and building an empire. (The rivalry between European nations to get their own colonies was one of the colonies of World War 1)

Boer War:  a war in South America between Britain and the Boers. (Descendents of Dutch.)  (Whether or not to participants in the British colonial war was caused by deep divisions between French and English Canadians.)

Naval Service Bill: an act to create a Canadian Navy under Canadian control. (Lauriers attempt to compromise angered French Canadians who feared Canadians could be sent to fight anywhere in Britains army and English who thought Canada should do more to help Britain.

Alaskan Boundary Dispute:  dispute between Canada and the US over territory and parts in the Alaskan Panhandle. (The British decision to support the Americans claim caused bitterness between Canada and Britain.

International Joint Commission:  A permanent commission set up to deal with disagreements between the US and Britain. (And thereby Canada) (Meant that there was now a process in place to settle future disputes.)

Reciprocity Agreement 1911: said that products of Canadian farms, fisheries, forests and mines would be allowed into the United Stated free of tariffs.  Taxes on American items coming into Canada, such as farm implements, automobiles, building materials, and canned goods would be lowered.

Election of 1911: a federal election where Wilfred Laurier was defeated. (The Conservatives fought the idea of reciprocity saying that if reciprocity passed, it would mean a political as well as economical takeover of Canada by the United States)

Clifford Sifton was a Liberal cabinet member in 1911.  He joined other wealthy Liberals in fighting the idea of the reciprocity agreement.  Business people, manufacturers, and bankers of both political parties were afraid that cheaper American goods in Canada would put them out of business.

Robert Borden was the leader of the conservatives in 1911.  When he heard the news on the proposed Reciprocity agreement he became so discouraged that he wanted to resign.  It seemed impossible that the Laurier Liberals could be defeated in the next election.  But Borden was persuaded to stay and fight. He later preached an anti-American policy.  They warned that id reciprocity passed, it would mean a political as well as economic takeover of Canada by the US.

Laurier was the leader of the Liberal party.  Laurier tried to see both English and French Canadian points of view.  His main aim was to keep both language groups together and to make sure each treated the other fairly.  He tried to work out compromises to please both the English and the French.

Colony: an area developed away from the mother country.

Henry Bourassa was a French politician.  In the case of the Boer war he believed that Canada should not get involved in Britains imperialist wars.  With the Naval Service Bill, he and some other French Canadian nationalists complained that the policy meant Canadians could be sent anywhere at any time to fight Britains imperialist wars.

Chapter Five

Alliance: an agreement between two countries to be friends or allies in the case of war. (Became a cause of war because Europe in 1914 was divided into two hostile camps of alliance systems)

Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy joined in an alliance. (Sometimes called the Central Powers.) (This alliance brought Germany into war when Austria-Hungary declared was on Serbia after the assassination of the Archduke and Archduchess)

Triple Entente: Britain. Russia and France joined in an alliance (sometimes called the Allies.) (This alliance brought Britain into the war when France was invaded by the Germans in 1914.)

Nationalism: a feeling of deep loyalty to ones nation. (Nationalism carried to an extreme made some people willing to go to war to promote the interests of their homeland.)

Black Hand: a terrorist group that thought Bosnia should break away from Austria and join Serbia. (The actions of the group in assassination of the Archduke was the immediate cause of WWI)

Militarism: the belief in the strong power of armies and navies to divide issues. (One of the main causes of WWI when rival military powers confronted each other and chose to settle their disputes through use of their armies.)

Arms Race: a race between countries t see who can build larger and more deadly war machines than its rivals.)

Ultimatum: a demand by one government that another government accept its terms or face war. (With the support of Germany, Austria-Hungary sent an Ultimatum in 1914, Serbia refused to comply with all the terms, therefore Austria-Hungary declared was on Serbia.)

Neutrality: a country does not help or support any other country in war or dispute (Trying to protect the neutrality of Belgium dragged Britain into the war Germany attacked Belgium.)

Sarajevo: The city that, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Archduchess Sophia were killed in a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand, while they were visiting the town.

Ferdinand: The man that was to become the emperor of Austria-Hungary in 1914. He and his wife, Archduchess Sophia were killed by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand. This incident had a great deal to do with the cause of WWI.

Garvilio Princip: A member of the Black Hand of Serbia that shot and killed the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Archduchess Sophia.  He tried to swallow poison but was unsuccessful in killing himself.  This incident had a great deal to do with the cause of WWI.

28 June 1914: The day in which, Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Archduchess Sophia were killed by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand. This incident had a great deal to do with the cause of WWI.

26 July 1914: the day in which Austria-Hungary declared was on Serbia since they refused the Ultimatum.

4 August 1914: The day the war began which at first involved seven European countries.

1 August 1914: The day in which Germany declared was on Russia, and on France the next day.

Chapter 6

Trench Warfare: parallel lines of deep trenches dug unto the ground where soldiers lived and fought armed with machine guns and protected by barbed wire: (the main way in which the soldiers fought in WWI)

No Mans Land: a strip of land between the trenches of the opposing armies that was armed with land mines and covered with barbed wire. (So dangerous an area that the phase still means, an area where no one wants to be.)

Western Front: the main battlefield in Western Europe. (Some f Canadas greatest victories and greatest disasters in war were fought here.)

Ypres: battle that took place near Ypres in Belgium when poisonous gas was used for the first time. (Canadians managed to hold the line during the gas attack in spite of terrible casualties and conditions.)

Battle of Somme: a battle fought near River Somme which was one of the most disastrous the British army had ever encountered. (Ninety percent of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment were killed or wounded and casualties among Canadian soldiers were also very heavy but the troops were commended for their valour.)

Vimy Ridge: site of one of Canadas most celebrated war victories. (A victory that was a great morale booster for Canadian troops and focused international attention on Canadas contribution to the war effort.)

Passachendaele: a battle site in Belgium, which was a bitter disaster for Canadian troops. (A battle in which troops were expected to fight in impossible conditions of mud and water.)

Zappelin dirigibles (or airships): German gas-filled balloons used on observation missiles and bombing raids. (Gave Germany an advantage until the allies developed their own airships.)

Lusitania: British luxury liner sunk by the Germans in 1915. (The sinking of the ship carrying American passengers brought the US into the war.)

Jutland: site of a famous sea battle off the coast of Denmark. (Was a standoff between the two massive fleets of German and Britain because neither site could rise massive losses to their fleets.

V-boat: German submarine. (A major menace for British shipping and a way of cutting off supplies getting to Britain.)

Convoy System: a fleet of supply ships escorted by armed destroyers (Helped to reduce the danger from the menace of V-boats to unprotected supply ships.)

11 November 1918: the date when hostilities ended in WWI (The date is still remembered in Allied countries with a minute of silence and solemn parades.)

CHAPTER TWO!!!!!

Ruperts Land: land owned by Hudsons Bay Company and stretching over what is the NWT, western Canada and northern Ontario and Quebec. (By purchasing this land Canada now had vast territories to fill up with settlers.)

Red River Settlement: settlement established in 1811 by Lord Selkirk around the present city of Winnipeg. (The settlement presented the way they were ruled by Hudsons Bay Company and preferred to be part of Canada.

North -West Territories: name given to the lands transferred to Canada from the Hudsons Bay Company in 169. (Their lands secured the prairies from Canada and prevented the Americans from moving in or making a similar deal with the Hudson Bay Company.)

Red River Rebellion 1869-70:  uprising in the Red River colony after Canada bought Ruperts land and sent surveyors without consenting the Metis. (Led to the creation of the province of Manitoba and the Metis Bill of Rights.

National Committee of the Metis: a committee formed by Riel whose purpose was to decide how to protect Metis Rights. (Advise and assisted Riel in governing the land after it was proposed by the Hudsons bay Company.)

Metis Bill of Rights: a list of demands prepared by the Metis and presented to the Canadian government.

 (Ottawa considered these demands fair until the Thomas Scott affair.)

Manitoba Act: an act, which established the area around Fort Garry as the provinces of Manitoba. (The entry Manitoba into Confederation as Canadas fifth province confirmed the agreement worked out by Riels Provisional government.)

Treaty of Washington 1873: a treaty between Britain and the US to resolve problems between their two countries. (Restored good relations between the US, Canada and Britain and ensured that Canada was free from attack by the USA.)

Canadian Pacific Railway Company: group formed to build the trans - continental railroad. (Macdonald government accused of taking bribes for contract.)

Pacific Scandal: changes of corruption against John. A. Macdonald for taking bribes. (Forced John. A. Macdonald to resign in 1874).

National Policy: (1878) really a three part campaign platform (political promises (eat/west trade, peopling the prairies, railroad.)

Indian Act:  government law setting out he rules by which native peoples were to live in Canada (called paternalists which means they treated Natives like Children.)

North -West Rebellion 1885: Riel and Metis try a second time to get a fair deal from Canada (death of Riel causes much trouble from English and French.)

Manitoba Schools Act: law in Manitoba that cancelled rights of French to their own schools etc. (more difficulties between French and English.)

Metis: people from mixed heritage, native and European. (The Metis nation formed the backbone of the fur trade in the west by acting as agents between the naïve groups and the Europeans.)

Provisional Government: government set up by Riel to replace the H.B.C rule of the Red River Colony. (Their governing spoke for their area in negotiations with Canada.)

Canadian Inventors

Jane and David Fife

They came from Scotland in 1820 and settled near Peterborough, Ontario. David Fife spent much of his experimenting with wheat. He was trying to develop a strong and healthy kind of wheat that would grow well in Canada. In 1843, Fife sowed a few wheat seeds that he had receive in the mail from a friend in Glascow. The seed had originally come from Europe somewhere.  Only one plant had healthy stocks with good fat heads. Fife saved the seeds from the plant. From the seeds of that one plant came a new type of wheat known as Red Fife. It was a hardy plant strain that did not come down with common wheat diseases. Most Important, it matured 10 days earlier than other kinds of wheat.  This was a key factor on the prairies where the frost-free growing season is short.  Soon many other prairie farmers were growing and harvesting Red Fife.

Charles Saunders

He was a quiet, studious man in charge of the governments experimental farm in Ottawa. At the turn of the twentieth century, Saunders took Red Fife wheat and crossed it with a variety from India. It grew into a healthy strain that Saunders called Marquis.  Marquis wheat was the discovery of the century.  It was even better for the Canadian season because it took just 100 days to ripen.  The most northern areas of the prairies could now be opened for farming. With the development of Marquis wheat, Canada was to become one of the greatest wheat- producing nations of the world.

Abraham Gesner

He was a Nova Scotia doctor, geologist, author and inventor.  In 1842 in NB, he opened one of the first museums in BNA. It featured a collection of minerals and wildlife specimens that he had collected on his travel s through the countryside.

However, his greatest accomplishment came in 1854.  He patented the process for manufacturing kerosene oil from petroleum.  Kerosene was inexpensive to manufacture.  It burned with a light that was both brilliant and white.  Soon kerosene replaced candles and whale oil lamps.  The light from a kerosene lamp was much easier to read and work by.  Gesners invention made him an important forerunner of todays giant petrochemical industry.

1.     Ruperts Land was land owned by Hudsons Bay Company and stretching over what is the NWT, western Canada and northern Ontario and Quebec. Canadians began to seriously think about settling the West.  The HBCs land also included the Red River settlement around Fort Garry. The settler had sent the petitions to London protesting the way the HBC was ruling their settlement. They felt they did not have the rights and privileges British subjects enjoy. They preferred to be part of Canada. Canadas PM, Macdonald feared that Canada and Britain would lose the West if they did not act. They also feared that the Americans would try to claim the HBC land. The HBC agreed to take 300 000 pounds and keep one-twentieth of the fertile land or about 2.5 million ha.  The Company also kept its trading posts and the land immediately around them.  The whole region was to be transferred to Canada on 1 December 1869 and renamed the NWT.

2.     The Red River Rebellion was caused by two main reasons.  The HBC had sold their land to Canada without telling them and the Canadian government was taking over without consulting them. The PM at the time was Macdonald and the leader of the Metis was Louis Riel.  He set up a government of his own to replace the HBCs rules of the colony. It was known as the provisional government.  Riel said it spoke for their area in any dealings with the Canadian government.  The result was that Macdonald decided that Canada would not accept the region before there was peace since the RRS did not belong to Canada until 1 December 1869.

3.             Thomas Scott was one of the people in a small group who came from Ontario who refused to accept Riels government.  When riots broke out, he was one of the people that were arrested.  He was in jail for taking up arms against Riels government, striking his guards, calling the Metis a pack of cowards, insulting the Catholic Religion and threatening to murder Riel.  He was later sentenced to the death penalty after his trial.  The news of his death caused uproar in Ontario. They were outraged and newspapers throughout the province called for revenge.  They demanded that Riel be hanged for Scotts murder.

In Quebec, many people said Riels actions were justified. They felt sympathetic for him and his government and placed the blame on the troublemakers in Ontario.  The execution of TS aroused bitter feelings between the English and the French Canadians.

4.     The Metis Bill of Rights consists of Five points:

a)     The territory must have the right to enter Canadas confederation as a province.

b)    The people should be able to send four members of parliament to Ottawa.

c)                             They should have control over their local affairs

d)                            French and English languages should be equal in schools and law courts

e)                             The Metis should be able to keep their customs and their way of life

5.     Riel was arrested because he was charged with treason the crime of taking up arms against the government.  Many believed Riel did not have a fair trial seeing that six settlers were chosen to act as his jury.  All were English and of the Protestant religion, while Riel was French and was RC. A debate aroused among Canadians.  Ontario people wasted to hang him, while the French believed Riel was a hero.  He had fought to protect the rights of the French speaking Metis.  Later, the execution of Riel was carried out and the outcome of the trial is still debated today.

6.             PEI:  By 1873, PEI was hopelessly in debt trying to build a railway.  When the people of PEI heard they would have to pay heavier taxes or join Canada, the prospects of joining Canada started to appear.  On July 1, 1873, PEI joined Confederation.  By the terms of the agreement, Canada provided $800 000 to buy the land on the island from the absent landlords.  Canada took over the provinces debts, most of which had been caused by the new railway.  It promised too, that there would be a year-round ferryboat service from the mainland to the island, as well as a telegraph service.              

BC:  On 10 May 1870 three delegates left the town of Victoria on Vancouver Island for Ottawa.  They told Macdonald that British Columbia was interested in joining confederation.  They asked for responsible government, just as the other provinces had.  This meant that the reps. elected to the assembly would be responsible to the people of the province, not to the upper house or to Britain. If the people became unhappy then they could vote the politicians out. BC also wanted Canada to build them a wagon road across the prairies and through the mountains to link BC with the east.

It had been Macdonalds dream to link Canada to the Pacific Ocean.  The new province could provide Canada with many Natural Resources such as gold and lumber. Canada accepted the terms and went further in promising the railway.

Manitoba:  ON 15 July 1870, the RRS entered Confederation.  The small settlement region around Fort Garry became known as Manitoba Canadas fifth province.  Riel had won for his people the right to be represented in Ottawa.  They had received land, French schools and protection of the French language.  Now he was prepared to turn over control of the settlement to the new lieutenant governor sent from Ottawa.

7.     The people in involved in the Treaty of Washington were Britain, US and Canada.  IN 1971, British and US commissioners met to discuss problems between Britain and US.  For the first time a Canadian, Macdonald was a member of the British Commission.  Canada was participated in the handling of its external affairs. The US wanted: payment for the losses during the American Civil War, wanted fishing rights in Canadian and Newfoundland waters lost in 1866.

Macdonald hoped to use the USs interest in the Atlantic Provinces to obtain a new free trade agreement from the US, but he was not supported by the other British commissioners.  Britain was more interested in ironing out its problems with the US then Canadian affairs.  The T of W did restore good relations between Britain, Canada and the US.  After the treaty Canada did not have to worry about attacks from how US and could turn its attention to developing the West.  The Treaty allowed the US to access the inshore fishery of Canada and Newfoundland for twelve years.  The Canadian provinces and Newfoundland later complained that this was a much more valuable deal for the Americans.  They later agreed to pay them for the use of the fisheries on the Atlantic coast.  These payments irritated the US by 1885 so they cancelled the fishing clauses of the T of W.

8.     Plans were underway for westward expansion and settlement.  The largest project was the railway to the Pacific.  A railway would move settlers west and bring their farm products to eastern markets.  The first contract was with a group of business people under Sir Hugh Allen who formed the CPR.  Some people found out that Allen and his friends had given large amounts of money to Macdonalds government.  It looked as if Allen was bribing the government for the right to build the railway.  The event came known as the Pacific Scandal. This later caused Macdonald and his party to resign in 1973. The second contract in 1880 was given to George Stephen and Donald A. Smith who formed a company to build the railroad.  This new company was also called the CPR. CPR hired a remarkable railroader to supervise the construction process, by the came of William Cornelius Van Horne.

9.     In 1878, Macdonald was returned to power.  The conservatives had put forward the National Policy to solve the countrys problems such as the railroad and the Americans.  It also offered a vision for Canadas future as well as a course for business development.

The six main points were: a) Keep cheaper foreign goods out of Canada.

b) Encourage Canadians to buy goods made by other Canadians.

c)     Fill the rich prairie lands with settlers

d)    Encourage east west economy

e)             Exchange finished goods of the east for the resources of the west.

A problem was that many of the provinces produced the same goods.  The Maritime Provinces, in particular opposed the National Policy.  For someone in NS, it made more senses to trade north - south with the US.  It was cheaper to transport goods south than across the cast distance to central Canada.

10.

10.   In 1890, the Manitoba provincial government passed the Manitoba Schools Act.  This act set up a single school system not connected with the church and with instruction in English only.  The government would no longer have to pay for separate RC schools.  RCs would have to pay for separate schools themselves if they wanted them.  A reason for this was that when Manitoba became a province in 1870, most of the people living there were French- speaking and RC.  Over the next 20 years, large numbers of English-speaking Protestants moved to Manitoba.  The French speaking in Manitoba gradually became a minority.  French and English Canadians hotly debated the issue of Manitoba schools across the nation.

11.   Later, Laurier was elected Prime Minister.  He worked out a compromise solution.  Manitoba would no longer have a complete system of RC schools supported by taxpayers.  However, RC teachers would be allowed to provide religious instruction to RC children for part of the school day.  French- speaking teachers would be provided where 10 or more students spoke French.  These rights, however, were later taken away and English was the made the official language in schools.  This, like the Riel affair, was an issue dividing French and English Canadians.

12.           In 189 Clifford Sifton was the Minister of the Interior in Lauriers new government.  His main task was to find ways to fill the West with settlers. The Canadian prairies were ready to produce large amounts of wheat.  All they needed were people to grow it.  Sifton and his agents set out to persuade people from other parts of the world to come and settle the prairies.  The government was looking for strong, healthier settlers experienced in farming.  They would have to break up the soil, put up farm buildings, and survive through the Canadian winters.

13.           Five factors that helped to make Canadas immigration plan work:

a)     There was not much good farmland left in the US, while a great deal of good free land was available in Canada.

b)    In Europe, the demand for Canadian wheat increased.  The price of wheat almost doubled.  Growing wheat became more profitable for the Canadian farmer.

c)                             Canada had a transcontinental railroad to ship grain to markets.  Steam -powered ocean vessels transported wheat to Europe cheaply and quickly.

d)                            More modern farm machinery, such as ploughs and reapers, was invented.  These machines helped to make the farmers work easier and more efficient.

e)                             Millions of Europeans were looking for new homes and better opportunities. Some were fleeing from cruel treatment, compulsory service in the army, economic hardships, and the overcrowding.  Many chose Canada.

Extra Questions:

What were some of the difficulties faced in building the railroad?

The workers had to cut down hills, fill in swamps, blast through very hard granite and lower lake levels.  They also had to deal with mosquitoes day and night.  It took $7.5 million worth of dynamite to move the Ontario granite.  In one stretch of 80 km more than 30 laborers were killed.  In the BC section of the line the mountains had to be crossed.  Wooden tresses had to be built over deep river canyons.  A trestle is a framework used as a bridge to support the railway tracks.  In places, the railway was forced to creep along the edges of a cliff.

What was the Indian Act of 1876?

The Act set out the rules that controlled Native communities.  Native peoples were already the most regulated people in Canada. Now the Indian act introduced more regulations.  Traditional ceremonies, such as the potlatch, were banned.  It was decided that Native children must go to residential schools.  The government was acting like a parent managing the affairs of children.  The government said the Native peoples should move onto reserves.

HISTORY CHAPTER 4 REVIEW                           

1.  Laurier was the leader of the Liberal party.  Laurier tried to see both English and French Canadian points of view.  His main aim was to keep both language groups together and to make sure each treated the other fairly.  He tried to work out compromises to please both the English and the French.

2. In the 1890s in Canada the economic depression was over.  Prosperity was returning to Canada. Once again factories began to hum, people had jobs, and there were markets from Canadian products.

3. Imperialism is a policy of establishing colonies away from the homeland and building an empire.

4. The benefits of colonies was that they provided a source of raw materials, a market for manufactured goods, a great deal of prestige, glory and military strength for the home country.

5. Most English supported the imperialist movement.  They were proud to be part of the British Empire.  But for many French Canadians, there was less pride and responsibility in belonging to the British Empire.  They felt a stronger sense of pride and joy in their French Canadian culture and language.

6. A compromise was made to try and please both English and French Canadians during the Boar War.  The Boar Was broke out in 1899 and it created a crisis in Canada centred around the Boars declaring war on Britain. Many British settlers had moved to areas in South Africa where gold and diamonds had been discovered.  Britain asked Canada for soldiers to aid them in the fighting.  The English Canadians agreed to the request but the French believed that Canada should not get involved in Britains imperialist wars.  Laurier compromised that Canada would not send an official army to South Africa.  However, Canada would equip and transport one thousand volunteers to aid the British Forces once they arrived in South Africa.  In the end, Canada ended up spending $2.8 million dollars and sending seventy three hundred volunteers to South Africa to support the British Forces.  Neither the English nor French Canadians were satisfied with the compromise.  The English felt Laurier had let Britain down, while the French believed he did too much.

7.       Laurier also tried to make a compromise during the Naval Crisis between English and the French Canadians.  In 1909, Britain and Germany were racing to have the biggest navy in the world.  Britain asked Canada and other British colonies to contribute money in helping to build more ships for the British navy.  Laurier offered a compromise named the Naval Service Bill.  To please the French he said Canada would have a navy of its own under the control of the Canadian government.  Under the influence of the English he said that under an emergency, the Canadian Navy could be placed under British control with the consent of Canadas parliament.  The French complained that this policy meant Canadians could be sent anywhere at any time to fight imperialist wars.  English people believed that Canada should contribute to the British Navy.  They accused Laurier of setting up a useless navy when the British needed an immediate sum of money to help build more navy ships.

8.       Naval Service Bill: an act to create a Canadian Navy under Canadian control. (Lauriers attempt to compromise angered French Canadians who feared Canadians could be sent to fight anywhere in Britains army and English who thought Canada should do more to help Britain.)

9.  The Canadian-American dispute of the Alaskan Boundary occurred in 1903.  The US had purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867. The deal included a strip of land called the Panhandle which was the coastline extending south from Alaska as far as Prince of Wales Island off the coast of British Columbia.  During the gold Rush in 1898, thousands of prospectors flooded into the Klondike area if the Yukon Territory.  Suddenly the ownership of the land through which they passed was very important.  The Americans said that the ports of Skagway, Dyea and Juneau belonged to them.  The Canadians argued that these ports were theirs.  Whoever owned these ports could charge customs taxes on all the goods going into the area and the gold going out.  The Canadians argued that the boundary should be measured from the mountains nearest the ocean.  This boundary would give Canada direct access to the Pacific Ocean by the way of several deep inlets.  Gold could be brought in without passing though American ports.  The Americans were determined to keep as much land as they could. Eventually the dispute was submitted to a court of six judges. Three judges were appointed by the US and three from Britain. The result was that the US won the dispute.  The trial ended 4-2 against Canada.  Lord Alverstone went against Canada.  Eventually the dispute was submitted to a court of six judges. 

10.          International Joint Commission was set up in 1909 to settle peacefully and future disputes between Canada and the United states.  This permanent commission would deal with any disagreements over boundary waters or rivers along the Canadian-American border,

11. Reciprocity is an agreement between two countries to trade certain products without tariffs.

The Reciprocity agreement in 1911 said that products of Canadian farms, fisheries, forests and mines would be allowed into the United Stated free of tariffs.  Taxes on American items coming into Canada, such as farm implements, automobiles, building materials, and canned goods would be lowered.

12.          Robert Borden was the leader of the conservatives in 1911.  When he heard the news on the proposed Reciprocity agreement he became so discouraged that he wanted to resign.  It seemed impossible that the Laurier Liberals could be defeated in the next election.  But Borden was persuaded to stay and fight. He later preached an anti-American policy.  They warned that id reciprocity passed, it would mean a political as well as economic takeover of Canada by the US.

13.          Clifford Sift on was a Liberal cabinet member in 1911.  He joined other wealthy Liberals in fighting the idea of the reciprocity agreement.  Business people, manufacturers, and bankers of both political parties were afraid that cheaper American goods in Canada would put them out of business.

14.          William Van Horne was the president of Canadian Pacific Railway.  For years Canadians had been building east-west rail lines.  Now they feared the railway business would be ruined if trade nationalists became north south.

15.     In 1911 I would have voted for the Liberal Party.  Laurier seemed to try and treat all Canadians fairly.  He made compromises in attempt to make both French and English Canadians happy.  Although these compromises did not always turn out the right way, he still tried to be loyal to both nationalities.  He was also an excellent speaker and always tried to make the best decisions for his country.  When organizing the idea of the reciprocity agreement he was trying to do what was best for Canada, although it backfired on him, with other parties saying that he was putting Canadian businesses in danger.

Imperialism is a policy of establishing colonies away from the homeland and building an empire. (The rivalry between European nations to get their own colonies was one of the colonies of World War 1)

Boer War:  a war in South America between Britain and the Boers. (Descendents of Dutch.)  (Whether or not to participants in the British colonial war was caused by deep divisions between French and English Canadians.)

Naval Service Bill: an act to create a Canadian Navy under Canadian control. (Lauriers attempt to compromise angered French Canadians who feared Canadians could be sent to fight anywhere in Britains army and English who thought Canada should do more to help Britain.

Alaskan Boundary Dispute:  dispute between Canada and the US over territory and parts in the Alaskan Panhandle. (The British decision to support the Americans claim caused bitterness between Canada and Britain.

International Joint Commission:  A permanent commission set up to deal with disagreements between the US and Britain. (And thereby Canada) (Meant that there was now a process in place to settle future disputes.)

Reciprocity Agreement 1911: said that products of Canadian farms, fisheries, forests and mines would be allowed into the United Stated free of tariffs.  Taxes on American items coming into Canada, such as farm implements, automobiles, building materials, and canned goods would be lowered.

Election of 1911: a federal election where Wilfred Laurier was defeated. (The Conservatives fought the idea of reciprocity saying that if reciprocity passed, it would mean a political as well as economical takeover of Canada by the United States)

Extra Questions:

1.  What problems did Canada experience during its, Golden Age of the early 1890s?

The problems that Canada experiences during its Golden Age of the early 1890s were the problems in Canadas relations with the USA and Britain.  These problems divided French and English Canadians at home.

2.  What was the aim of the French Nationalists?

French Canadian Nationalists were determined to preserve their language and culture.

3.  How did the English Canadians feel about being part of the British Empire? How did the French feel about it? Why?

English Canadians supported the imperialist movement.  They were proud to be part of the British Empire.

French Canadians felt less pride and responsibility in belonging to the British Empire.  They felt stronger pride and loyalty to their French Canadian Culture and language.  As a minority, they felt isolated within Canada and the British Empire.  British soldiers had conquered Quebec, but for many French Canadians, Quebec was still the homeland of French Canadian Culture.  Incidents, such as the Louis Riel and the Manitoba Schools Act made many French Canadians feel that their culture and rights were threatened in Canada.  A French Canadian Nationalist movement gained strength, particularly in Quebec.

JUNE 28 1914

the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and the Archduchess (immediate cause of war)

Alliance

an aggreement between two countries to be allies in the case of war

(became the cause of war because europe in 1914 was divided into two hostile camps of alliance systems)

n     Alliances were previously established (2 groups)

Triple Entente

Britain, Russia and France joined in an alliance (the allies)

(this alliance brought Britain into the war when France was invaded by the Germans in 1914)

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy joined in an alliance(central powers)

(this alliance brought Germany into the war when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia after the assassination of the Archduke)

Nationalism

a feeling of deep loyalty to ones nation

(nationalism carried to an extreme made some people willing to go to war to promote the interests of their homeland)

Black Hand

a terrorist gang that thought Bosnia should break away from Austria and join with Serbia.

(the actions of this group in assassinating the Archduke was the immediate cause of WW1)

Militarism

the belief in strong power of armies and navies to decide issues

(one of the main causes of WW1 when rival military power confronted each other and chose to settle their disputes through use of their armies.)

Arms Race

a race between countries to see who can build larger and more deadly machines than its rivals.

(the size of armies and navies would determine who  would be the most powerful nation in europe)

Ultimatum

a demand by one government that another govt. accept its terms or face war.

(with the support of Germany, Austria-Hungary sent Serbia an ultimatum in 1914. Serbia refused and therefore AH declared war on Serbia.)

Sarajevo

small town in Austria-Hungary

(place of the assassination of the Archduke)

Gavrilo Princip

19 year old, members of the Serbian Terrorist group (BH)

(assassin of the Archduke-Duchess, swallowed poison but the poison failed to work. Arrested with 5 others)

Franz Ferdinand

soon to be ruler of all Austria-Hungary.

(assassinated in Sarajevo, with his wife, Sophia. 4 car motorcade, bombed, unharmed, 2 shots, hit in neck/stomach, both D.O.A.)

26 July 1914

Austria-Hungary took this as a complete refusal of its ultimatum and declared war on Serbia, russia, ally to the serbs, started to mobilize its army, france, ally to russia also mobilized its forces. Germany felt threatened and ordered them to start, upon refusal, declared war on russia on August 1 1914 and France the next day. Planned to attack through small neutral belgium, bringing britain to the war.

August 4 1914

by midnight all the coutries of the two alliances, except Italy, were at war. WW1 had begun.

Serbia and Bosnia share a border.

Serbia of the allies and Bosnia of the central powers.

FOUR CAUSES OF WW1!!!

Alliances

-alliances were previously established

-these clearly divided Europe into 2 hostile camps

-triple entente(allies) (France, Russia, Britain)

-triple alliance(central powers) (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)

Nationalism

-extreme nationalists would do anything for their cause; promote their countries interests

-the black hand thought that Bosnia should break away from AH. They opposed the AH union and Ferdinand as their emperor.

Imperialism

-European nations were motivated to extend their empire by gaining control of lands away from home

-this led to quarrels among the great powers of europe

Militarism

-in attempting to guarantee peace by preparing for war, the rivals became engaged in the arms race

-the nations of Europe were becoming increasingly suspicious and alarmed by the others military power.

Ultimatum

·       AH blamed the Serbs for the assassination

·       AH saw potential to crush serbian nationalism

·       AH issued ultimatum

·       serbs would not let AH officials come in to eliminate the black hand

·       AH declared war on Serbia

·       Serbian ally (russia) mobilized army

·       Russian ally (France) mobilized army

·       Germany felt threatened by actions of France/Russia and ordered them to stop mobilizing

·       France/Russia refused; Germany declared war on Russia on Aug. 1 1914 and France the next day.

·       Britain not yet involved

·       Germans planned attack through Belgium

·       Britain had signed treaty to protect neutrality of Belgium

·       when Belgium was attacked, Britain declared war on Germany

·       by midnight Aug 4 1914 all countries were at war except Italy (alliances)

·       Canada and the other countries in the British empire were automatically at war. They were subject to the rule of the home country

*central powers formed first

*1882 triple alliance comleted

*Britain, last nation to join

*strength in numbers

*band together against common threats

*depend on allies for support and help when needed

*disputes could bring more allies to war

*increased fear and suspicion between rivals

*420 000 canadians sent

There were many changes brought about by inventions in Canada. The invention of the radio brought great changes to Canadians. People could now listen to voice, news and music across Canada by radio signals. This made Canada seem like it was shrinking in size. Isolated rural places were now brought in touch with the cities of the nation. People were then able to listen to hockey games. The radio also increased social interaction among people. Neighbours would get together and listen to the radio. Another change of the 1920s was the growth of the automobile industry. Ford set up an assembly line to produce more cars to allow people to buy cars at cheaper prices. The assembly lines created many jobs for Canadians. The biggest change brought by the automobile was that it brought all parts of the country together. New industries sprang up because of the car such as gasoline stations, parking lots and repair shops. Cars allowed people to travel longer distances in a shorter period of time, while more trucks were used to haul freight. The government also had to spend increasing amounts of money on highways. The inventions of radio and automobiles overall caused a great deal of change during the 1920s.

            There were a number of new forms of entertainment, which were popular in the 1920s. Jazz became very popular during the 1920s to match the style of the flappers. Jazz originated from New Orleans in the United States and was made popular by musicians such as Duke Ellington and Lois Armstrong. A popular dance was the Charleston also emerged. It was fast and loved by the high-spirited younger generation. Members of the Boston City Council tried to ban the dance, but lived on to become the emblem of the Jazz Age. Another form of entertainment that became popular was barnstorming. After World War I, the Canadian Aces bought war surplus planes and began, Barnstorming. They would perform stunts at county fairs. The venturesome would pay two dollars for an airplane ride. Eventually, the public and government saw possibility of air travel. Bush pilots helped to open northern frontiers of Canada by flying prospectors and supplies into mineral rich areas. They also began flying mail into remote area. Finally, the first non-stop transatlantic flight was completed by Charles A Lindbergh from New York to Paris. This made the world suddenly feel smaller. Overall, there were many positive changes brought by Jazz music and barnstorming throughout the 1920s.

Chapter 10

1.       The Great Depression: a severe economic downturn in the 1930s (the worst economic downturn in the 20^th century.)

2. Recession: business slows down and workers are laid off as production is cut back. (A signal that business is slowing down.)

Depression: severe and widespread unemployment, businesses go bankrupt and stock market crashes. (The worst possible thing that can happen to the economy.)

3. Recession: business slows down and workers are laid off as production is cut back. (A signal that business is slowing down.)

4. Recovery: businesses increase production and call back workers because there is a shortage of consumer goods. (A sign that prosperity will eventually return.)

5. Black Tuesday: the day the stock market crashed in Ottawa 1929. (A dramatic event signalling the beginning of the Great Depression.)

6. What was meant by this statement was that when the Depression hit the United States, banks closed. Industries collapsed and people were out of work as factories shut down. No longer did Americans need to by our lumber, paper, wheat and minerals. It was inevitable that Canadas economy would suffer too.

7.       Countries put high tariffs on items to protect their home industries from foreign competition.

People who would benefit from high tariffs were businesses within the country putting high tariffs on foreign items. This is because they can sell their items and not have to worry so much about people buying foreign items instead of theirs.

People who would suffer from foreign tariffs were people who were trying to send their products to different parts of the world, but would end up having to pay high tariffs before the products can enter the country.

Chapter 11

1.   The unemployment rate was pretty bad in Canada in the 1920s and 1930s. By 1933, almost a third of Canadians were unemployed. People would roam the country, hitching rides on trains trying to find odd jobs wherever they could. With no income from jobs, there was often no money for food, clothing and other necessities. Many people lived near starvation and suffered from malnutrition.

2.   Not everyone was in dire straits during the 1930s. Those with jobs and the wealthy lived quite comfortably, especially since prices of goods were low.

3.   Mackenzie King made the biggest mistake of his political career by giving his Five Cent Piece speech. Providing relief was the provincial governments job. King said that he would not give a five cent piece to any province that did not have a Liberal government. After this the Liberals were voted out of office, and the Conservative party came into power.

4.   Richard Bedford Bennett was the prime minister who replaced Mackenzie King. Bennett was a multimillionaire lawyer from Calgary who believed that government should not interfere in economic affairs.

5.   Bennett tried to solve the problems of the Great Depression by giving emergency funds to the provinces for relief. Military style relief camps were set up for jobless men in isolated parts of the country. The highest tariff in Canadian history was introduced to protect Canadian businesses from foreign competition.

6.   None of Bennetts policies seemed to work and did not have a great impact on the Depression. These measures were like first-aid treatment, but they could not cure the Depression.

7.   The Canadian public reacted to Bennett by blaming him for their problems. Cars that could not run and were hooked up to farm animals were called, Bennett Buggies. The shacks where unemployed people camped around cities were called, Bennett boroughs. Bennett coffee, made from roasted wheat or barley, was a cheap substitute for the real thing. Bennett Blankets were newspapers used as covers for homeless people. A Bennett barnyard was an abandoned farm.

8.   Relief was money given to unemployed people to allow them to buy the basic necessities to survive. In 1932, relief payments for a family of five were $6.93 a week. In Montreal, relief was $4.58 a week. In Newfoundland, it was 42 cents a week.

9.   Throughout the Depression, Newfoundland was still an independent dominion within the British Commonwealth. Conditions were so bad that the economy almost collapsed. The Newfoundland government was deeply in debt and could borrow no more. A British commission took over the government to help Newfoundland through the worst period.

10. During the Depression, Canadian airwaves were filled with American radio shows. Prime minister Bennett felt something had to be done. The CRBC was started in 1932 to counteract American influence.

11. Throughout the Depression people practiced escapism. They tried to entertain themselves through films, radio shoes, songs and magazines to try and escape from the harsh, poverty stricken reality in which they lived. People would watch films at the theatres, as well as listening to the radio with other people to escape from ordinary life.

12. One of the most spectacular events of the 1930s was the birth of the Dionne quintuplets to a family in Corbeil, Ontario. These five girls were the worlds first quintuplets to survive. The Dionnes became a major tourist attraction, and million of Canadians flocked to look at the babies through a special one-way screen.

13. Bennetts New Deal was that he introduced radical reforms. He wanted to establish unemployment and social insurance, set minimum wages, limit the hours of work, guarantee the fair treatment of employees and not control process so that businesses could not make unfair profits.

14. New political parties were formed in Canada because people had become increasingly dissatisfied with the two main political parties the Conservatives and the Liberals. The old parties seemed to have no fresh, new ideas for solving the countrys economic troubles. New political parties were formed. They promised to take more drastic action to eliminate the problems of the Great Depression. Two parties formed were the CCF and the Social Credit Party.

15. It was during the Depression that the idea of the welfare state took root in Canada. This was the belief that society should support its citizens to prevent extreme hardships Today there is unemployment insurance so that no one suffers severe hardship because a job is not available. People over 65 years of age are provided with pensions and injured workers receive compensation.

Chapter 12

1.   There were four main reasons why German people were so desperate for a new leader.

of rebuilding a war-torn country. The main political parties fell into three general groups, communists, social democrats and national socialists (Nazis.)

b)   The Treat of Versailles: The people of Germany were humiliated by the harsh terms of the Treaty. They considered the new boundaries and reparation payments to be unjust. The War Guilt Clause was seen as a stain on the honour of all Germans. On the morning of the Treatys signing, the Deutshe Zeiung (German News) called for vengeance.

c)   Depression and Unemployment: The stock market crash in the Us in 1929 greatly affected German. Americans could no longer afford German manufactured goods. American banks could no longer lend money to the German government and businesses to rebuild after WWI. Many businesses went bankrupt and people lost jobs. Germany had little money and could not pay reparation payments. Germans who still had jobs had declining pay checks. People were reduced to begging on the streets, stealing crops and lumps of coal and living in unheated homes, tents or packing crates.

d)   Economic Problems: Inflation: Instead of taxing people during the war, Germany had borrowed money. They now had a huge debt. To pay off this debt, the German government simply printed more paper money. It was being printed even though Germanys industry, agriculture, and commerce were not expanding. Instead of going into the economy, all of the countrys wealth was going into paying off the debt and the heavy reparations. The rapid printing of marks was no supported by real economic value, and this caused severe inflation. Prices of goods and services rose greatly. In the spring of 1992, about 300 marks equalled an American dollar. By early 1923, it took 50 000 marks to equal an American dollar. People began to barter or trade goods and services rather than use money. People began to be paid daily and spent at once while it was still worth something.

2. Master Race: Hitlers belief that people of pure German descent deserved to rule the world. (Based on his belief, Hitler blamed all non-Germans (especially Jews) for Germanys defeat in the world war, and for the economic hard times that followed that war.)

3. Hitler believed that Aryans were the master race. He stated that Aryans deserved tp rule the world. Based o this belief he promised to deal with the Jews. He blamed the Jewish people for Germanys defeat in WWI and for the economic hard times that followed.

4. Mein Kampf was a book that Hitler wrote in the early 1920s. The title means My Struggle. Within the novel, Hitlers Semitic views were there for the world to see. He described Jews as deadly poison and vermin.

5. Hitler did many things once he got into power.

a)             Meant end of democracy in Germany. Germans pledged absolute obedience to their leader, der Fuhrer.

b)             Hitler became a dictator, outlawing all other political parties and using force to keep control.

C)             Anyone who opposed him was rounded up by secret police

D)             Hitler set up an armed force within the party called Stormtroopers or SA. They forcibly broke up meetings of other political parties. Opponents were thrown into prison or concentration camps.

E)              Newspapers and radio were also strictly controlled by the Nazi party. The German people read and heard only what their leaders wanted them to read and hear. Books containing ideas that did not please Hitler were burned in huge public fires.

F)              Teachers were required to be members of the Nazi party. Students were recruited to join the Hitler Youth Movement, where they could learn Nazi ideas.

G)             Priests and clergy who dare to protest Hitlers method were thrown in prison. Nazi Germany became a totalitarian state in which everything was controlled by the government.

6. Bad things happened to anyone that resisted Hitler. Hitler set up an armed force within the party called Stormtroopers or SA. They forcibly broke up meetings of other political parties. Opponents were thrown into prison or concentration camps. Priests and clergy who dare to protest Hitlers method were thrown in prison.

7. Totalitarian State: a country in which every aspect of life is controlled by the government. (The way Nazi Germany was governed.)

8. Anti- Semitism: obsessive hatred of Jews. (led to Hitlers policies of persecution of the Jews.)

Jews were banned from all government jobs, as well as jobs in teaching, broadcasting, newspapers, and entertainment. Jews were not allowed to marry non-Jews. Jews were banned from many sops and public buildings, Nazis stood outside Jewish-owned stores and threatened customers who wanted to enter. By 1936, many Jews found it impossible to make a living in Germany. Those who could escaped from Germany during this early period. Just before the war broke out, Hitler began a systematic rounding up of Jewish people , placing them in ghettos and concentration camps. When a German embassy official was shot by a Jew, a huge fine was forced on the Jewish population. Seven thousand Jewish shops were looted and 20 000 Jews were arrested. Many were savagely beaten. Later, after the war when Allied troops moved into German, the horrors of the concentration camps would become shockingly clear to the world.

9. Anshluss: the policy of union of all people of German descent. (By this policy Hitler justified taking over such countries as Austria, because many Germans lived there.)

10. Hitler took over Austria easily. He rose in triumph at the head of his army through the streets of Vienna, the capital of Austria. He frightened the Austrians with the threat of a Communist takeover of their country. Only he and the Nazi army could protect them. Without firing a shot, Hitler made Austria part of the German Reich. The other nations of the world did not attempt to stop Hitler from taking Austria because no one wanted to risk another world war.

11. Munich Agreement: France and Britain agree that Germany may have the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia. (France and Britain thought that, by giving Hitler wanted he wanted, they were saving the world from war.)

Hitler wanted the Sudetenland, which was the northwestern part of Czechslovakia. This territory was near the German border and about 2 million German speaking people lived there. It also contained heavy industry and the main Czech defences.

12. Appeasement: giving in to the demands of a potential enemy. (Some people, like Churchill, argued that the Munich Agreement was appeasement and instead Hitler should be stopped at any cost.)

The Prime Minister of Britain used this policy because he believed it would save the world from war. He wasnt Hitler to be stopped immediately, at all costs.

13. Blitzkrieg: lightning warfare. (Nazi blitzkrieg contained the elements of surprise, force, boldness, and speed; this warfare was first used by Germany against Poland.)

14. Britain and France finally declared war on Germany in September 1939. The situation was so dangerous that Britain and France realized they would have to rush to the defence of Poland. There could be no more appeasement. This was the beginning of WWII.

15. Dunkirk: a seaport town on the French coast, where 300 000 British and French soldiers were trapped and had to be evacuated. (A terrible defeat fro the Allies because Hitler now controlled France.)

Thousands of British troops had rushed across the English Channel to help defend France. However, the Germans advanced rapidly and the British and French were trapped. In May 1940, they had to retreat to the seaport town of Dunkirk on the French coast, The British hastily collected a fleet of all available boats including pleasure boats and fishing vessels to get their soldiers home. Three hundred thousand soldiers we evacuated safely to Britain, but most of the heavy British war equipment had to be abandoned on the beaches of France. It was a terrible defeat for the Allies. France had fallen in six weeks and Paris was now occupied by the Nazis.

16. Free French: a new French army led by General De Gaulle after France fell to the Nazis. (This army vowed to continue the fight against Hitler in order to set France free.)

only 14 tanks, 2 Bren guns, 23 anti-tank rifles, and 5 small mortar guns. The Canadian navy had exactly 10 operational vessels. It would be some time before Canadas armed forces reached an effective size. But by the end of the war, Canada had made a significant contribution in both armaments and battle forces.

Chapter 13

1.   Hitler attacked the Soviet Union in 1941. He decided he could not defeat Britain from the air, so he turned eastward. He attacker his own ally, the USSR. Hitler wanted to seize the natural resources grain, coal, iron and oil. Three million German troops moved into the Soviet Union. At first, German armies scored tremendous successes. In just three months they reached the outskirts of Moscow and Leningrad, the two most important Soviet cities. But the USSR would soon prove to be too much for Hitlers armies.

2. The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbour on Dec 7, 1941. Japan had been expanding and had signed an agreement with Germany in 1936 and became on of the Axis Powers. When war began, Japan saw a chance to attack British and other colonies in the Pacific. On December 1941, Japanese planes came without warning and bombed the American naval base at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii.

3. The Allies attacked Dieppe in August 1942. The Allies had a plan to send Canadian and British troops to test the German forces along the French coast at Dieppe. This would relieve some of the German pressure on the Soviets in the east. The raid at Dieppe was planned to be a quick punch at the German stronghold. The Allies hoped to worry the Nazis, gather crucial information about their coastal defences, and then return safely to Britain. Dieppe would be a dress rehearsal for the full-scale Allied invasion of Europe to follow.

4. At 4:50 on the morning of 19 August 1942, 5000 Canadians began to land on the beaches f Dieppe. However, the German forces were ready for the attack. German artillery on the cliffs mowed down the soldiers as they left the landing crafts and tried to run for cover. By early afternoon, nearly 900 of the Canadian troops were dead or dying. Over 1000 were wounded. Nineteen hundred Germans and only 2200 of those who landed that morning returned to Britain.

5. There were many lessons learned at Dieppe. When the decisive invasion of Europe finally came two years larger, the Allies remembered their Dieppe experience. This time, fire support by sea and air would be overwhelming, and a way would be found to land large numbers of troops and equipment safely on the beaches of France.

6. D-Day: deliverance day, 6 June 1944, when a huge Allied army managed to invade western Europe. (The beginning of the successful invasion to liberate Europe from the Nazis.

7. V-E day: Victory in Europe Day, 8 May 1945 (the day Nazi Germany ceased to exist and the war in Europe was over.)

8. Auschwitz was a concentration camp. Victims were crowded into gas chambers disguised as showers. The shower rooms were sealed and gas was dropped into the chambers through a small opening in the ceiling. It took from three to fifteen minutes to kill all those confined within the chamber. The bodies were then removed by a special detachment of prisoners. Gold fillings from the teeth of the victims were melted down and made into gold bars. Other valuable such as watches, bracelets, and rings were also deposited I secret bank vaults for future use. Then the corpses were placed in ovens for cremation. Six thousand could be gassed in a day at Auschwitz.

9. Kamikaze pilot: Japanese suicide pilots who crashed their planes onto allied ships. (To be a kamikaze pilot was seen by the Japanese as an honourable way to die.)

10. The American decided to drop atomic bombs on Japan because President.  The American now had the atomic bomb. Truman warned the Japanese to surrender or risk being totally destroyed. The Japanese refused to surrender. They bombed Hiroshima and sixty percent of the citys developed area was destroyed and seventy one thousand people were dead or missing and 68 000 were injured. They still did not surrender. Three days later they dropped another bomb on Nagasaki. Another 25 00 Japanese were killed and 60 000 injured. People then began to suffer from condition caused by massive amounts of radiation. Finally the Japanese surrendered.

Chapter 8: Terms

Prohibition: a time when production and sale of alcohol was illegal. (Total Prohibition was generally impossible to enforce and eventually was replaced with the legalization of liquor under strict government control.)

Rumrunners: Canadians who smuggled liquor into the United States during the Prohibition (Some Canadians made fortunes smuggling Canadian liquor to the United Sates.)

Bloody Saturday: 21 July 1919, the day violence broke out in Winnipeg during the general strike. (Strike leaders were arrested and the strike ended.)

Winnipeg General Strike 1919: a time when almost all key industries and services in Winnipeg were shut down by strike. (One of the most important and dramatic strike in Canadian history because of the size, violence and the fact that some of the leaders went on to be elected representatives in three levels of government.)

Branch Plant: an industry in Canada making the same product as the United States parent company. (Often considered a negative thing because the parent company could use the branch plant to avoid paying high tariffs on imports at the border.)

Labrador Dispute: dispute between Canada (Quebec) and the Dominion of Newfoundland over the border of Labrador. (The Privy Council of Britain settled the long-lasting dispute in 1927 and ruled in Newfoundlands favour; this caused resentment in Quebec.)

Commonwealth: nation untied by a common allegiance to the king or queen of Britain. (Acts as a family of nations from all parts of the world who, through self-governing and independence, are united in their allegiance to the king or queen of Britain.)

Statute of Westminster: an act of the British Parliament by which Canada became independent in all but two legal details. (Canada had achieved full independence, except that the Privy Council in Britain was still the highest court of appeal, and amendment to the BNA act still had to be approved by the British parliament.)

Group of seven: group of artists who focussed on painting the Canadian landscape and experience with bold new colours and brush strokes. (Recognized for helping to create a unique Canadian style in painting.)

Persons Case: the court was asked, Does the word persons in the BNA act include women? (The decision of the Privy Council said that women were indeed qualified to sit in the senate of Canada.)

Famous Five: Emily Murphy and her key supporters in the Persons Case. (These five women led the successful fight to have women declared persons eligible to be appointed to the Senate of Canada.)

League of Indians: an organization to draw attention to the economic and social problems of Natives. (The league of Indians demanded that Indians have the right to vote without giving up their special status.)

Joseph Armand Bombardier: the man who built the first snow machine in 1922 when he was 15. After the death of his son, he decided to develop a machine that would end the isolation of winter. The next year he travelled through Quebec with his new invention, the B7.

Sir Herbert Holt: was one of the most powerful business tycoons of the 1920s. He built up a multi-million empire, which included railroads, banks, mines, hotels, utilities and the Famous Players theatres. He was the president of 27 major business enterprises.

Emily Murphy: a writer, journalist, magistrate, reformer, and famous crusader for womens rights. She helped pass the Dower Act giving women rights to one-third of their husbands property. She led the battle to have a woman judge preside over cases involving women and children so that their cases could be fairly heard and their interest protected. She also campaigned against drug addiction and fought to prove that women were persons under the law and could therefore be appointed to the Senate.

Arthur Meighen: a Conservative that was sworn in as Prime Minister of Canada in July 1920. Organized Labour saw him as a friend of big business and an enemy of the worker.

Mackenzie King: he was known as the most successful political leader of his age. For almost 30 years until his death in 1950 he dominated the Liberal party. He was the longest-serving prime minister. His policies were acceptable to various groups and regions across the nation. He listened to what various regions of Canada wanted and always tried to reach a compromise.

Chapter 9

Flapper: a young women who dressed outrageously. In winter, she wore galoshes with buckles unfastened to create the greatest flap. Hemlines rose above the knees and silk stockings were rolled down. Long hair was ct and set in a short bobbed style.

Crystal Radios: radios that did not have tubes but used crystal. Listeners tuned in a signal by moving a fine wire whisker over the surface of the crystal. They did not produce very loud sound, so earphones were often used.

Mass Production: used to make more cars in a shorter period of time. He set up an assembly line to make this happen.

Assembly Line: a system that Ford set up that ran from one end of a building to another. At one end of the line were the frames of the cars. At first, the line did not move. The workers walked along it adding the parts to the automobiles. Later a conveyor belt was introduced.

Model T: an automobile built by ford that was set at a price that average North Americans could afford. It was called the Tin Lizzy, and had a simple box-like design. In 1924, it could be purchased for around $395.

Jazz: a type of music popular among flappers. It moved north from New Orleans in the US and was made popular by musicians such as Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong.

Charleston: A dance that emerged out of African American culture. Its fast and wild pace quickly caught on. Members of the Boston city Council tried to have the dance banned, but it was here to stay.

Talkies: talking films that were an invention of the 1920s. They did not arrive in Canada until 1927.

Mary Pickford: A Canadian born movie star that was known as  Americas sweetheart. At the height of her career she was making $10 000 a week. As her popularity soared, she came to represent the luxury and wealth the film industry brought to its stars. When she retired, she bought the right to all of her old silent movies and refused to release them. Not until after her death were her films released.

Percy Williams: a twenty year old sprinter who won a double gold in the 100 and 200 metre sprints in the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics. He was acknowledged as the greatest sprinter the world has ever seen.

Fanny Bobbie Rosenfeld: a female athlete that excelled in basketball, hockey, softball and tennis. She was known as the best women athlete of the half- century. She won a silver medal in the 100 metre dash and a gold in the womens 400 metre relay in the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam.

Chapter 10

The great Depression: a severe economic downturn in the 1930s. (The worst economic downturn of the 20^th century.)

Business Cycle: how economists chart the upswings and downswings of the economy over a number of years. (A way to trace changing economic conditions.)

Prosperity: a time when prices and wages are high, the unemployment rate is relatively low, and production is booming. (During prosperity, people are optimistic and willing to take risks.)

Recession: business slows and workers are laid off as production is cut back. (A signal that business is slowing down.)

Depression: severe and widespread unemployment, businesses go bankrupt, and stock market crashes. (The worst possible thing that can happen to the economy.)

Recovery: businesses increase production and call back workers because there is a shortage of consumer goods. (a sign that prosperity will eventually return.)

Black Tuesday: the day the stock market in Ottawa 1929. (A drastic event signalling the beginning of the Great Depression.)

Stock: a share in the business. (Companies raise money by selling stocks.)

Stock Certificate: a piece of paper, which is given to a person who buys stocks. (Proves that a person has invested in a business and is entitled to share in its success or failure.)

Stockbroker: a person who buys and sells stocks for customers. (A key player for non-experts who want to buy or sell stocks.)

Stock Exchange: the marketplace where stocks are bought and sold. ( The place where someones order for stocks is placed, and where the transaction is carried and by the stockbrokers.)

Profit/ Capital Gain: the money made on a sale of a stock if it is sold for more than the price it was purchased at. (One way stocks make money for you.)

Dividends: profit payment made to shareholders. (Another way stocks can make money for you.)

Staples: a primary or basic product. (Canadas economy depended heavily on staples such as wheat, fish, minerals, and pulp and paper.)

Chapter 11

Relief: emergency financial assistance. (Helped people from starving at a time when there was no unemployment insurance, no family allowance and no medicare.)

Bennetts New Deal: a plan by Prime Minister Bennett to deal with the Depression similar to a plan introduced in the US by President Rosevelt. (Many people felt that Bennett had left his reforms too late and was acting because of the election of 1935.)

Pogey: a hobo slang term for food, clothing and shelter provided by public relief agencies. (The term referred to available emergency help, which was not considered quite enough to live on but would keep a person from starving to death.)

Bennett Buggy: a car pulled by horses because there was no money for gasoline. (A constant reminder that Bennett was the Prime Minister of Canada when the disaster struck, and that his government was slow to react and help people.)

Relief Camps: camps established by the government in isolated area to provide work and shelter for unemployed single men. (Camps became a source of much discontent because men were paid little more than slave labour wages for hard work.)

The On the Ottawa Trek: a protest journey by thousands of unemployed in June 1935. (Showed that thousands of men were angry and fed up with life in the relief camps.)

Five Cent Piece speech: a comment by Prime Minister King in which he said he would not give a five-cent piece to any province that did not have a Liberal government. (Kings words came back to haunt him in the elections of 1930 when the voters kicked the Liberals out of power.)

Social Credit Party: a political party formed by William Aberhart in Alberta in 1935. (Held power in Alberta for many years and eventually became a federal party.)

Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission: a commission set up by the government to try to counteract American influence on Canadian airwaves. (Led to the government building stations across the country to improve the quality of Canadian broadcasting.)

Canadian Radio Broadcasting Corporation: radio stations established by the government to bring Canadian broadcasting to even the most remote areas across the country. (Became a powerful force in establishing national unity across Canada.)

Cooperative Commonwealth Federation: a political part formed in 1935 by farmers and labour groups. (Became a powerful political force working to bring in economic and social reforms at provincial and federal levels.)

Union Nationale Party: political party formed in Quebec in 1935 to protest high unemployment and the severe economic hardships of the Depression. (Came to power as the government in Quebec had held power for many years.)

Welfare State: an idea that came out of the Depression that society should support its citizens to prevent severe economic hardships. (Things like unemployment insurance and pensions that we take for granted today came out of the ideas of the welfare state.)

RB Bennett: Richard Bedford Bennett was the prime minister who replaced Mackenzie King. Bennett was a multimillionaire lawyer from Calgary who believed that government should not interfere in economic affairs.

Dionne Quintuplets: One of the most spectacular events of the 1930s was the birth of the Dionne quintuplets to a family in Corbeil, Ontario. These five girls were the worlds first quintuplets to survive. The Dionnes became a major tourist attraction, and million of Canadians flocked to look at the babies through a special one-way screen.

Chapter 12:

National Socialists: Hitlers political party, also known as the Nazis. (Party was supported by the army, the unemployed, big business, landowners, and aristocrats.)

Master Race: Hitlers belief that people of pure German descent deserved to rule the world. (Based on his belief, Hitler blamed all non-Germans (especially Jews) for Germanys defeat in the world war, and for the economic hard times that followed that war.)

Anti- Semitism: obsessive hatred of Jews. (Led to Hitlers policies of persecution of the Jews.)

Dicator: a ruler who has total power over the people in a country. (The way Hitler ruled, and his expectation that all Germans pledge and absolute obedience to him.)

Stormtroopers: an armed force within the Nazi party (Hitlers private army.)

Hitler Youth Movement: an organization in which young Germans were taught Nazi ideas. (This movement was the way in which Hitler and other Nazi leaders ensured that young people would be taught Nazi ideas.)

Totalitarian State: a country in which every aspect of life is controlled by the government. (The way Nazi Germany was governed.)

Reich: the German state. (The name Hitler gave to Nazi Germany.)

Anschluss: the policy of union of all people of German descent. (By this policy Hitler justified taking over such countries as Austria, because many Germans lived there.)

Munich Agreement 1938: France and Britain agree that Germany may have the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia. (France and Britain thought that, by giving Hitler wanted he wanted, they were saving the world from war.)

Appeasement: giving in to the demands of a potential enemy. (Some people, like Churchill, argued that the Munich Agreement was appeasement and instead Hitler should be stopped at any cost.)

Blitzkrieg: lightning warfare. (Nazi blitzkrieg contained the elements of surprise, force, boldness, and speed; this warfare was first used by Germany against Poland.)

Dunkirk: a seaport town on the French coast, where 300 000 British and French soldiers were trapped and had to be evacuated. (A terrible defeat for the Allies because Hitler now controlled France.)

Free French: a new French army led by General De Gaulle after France fell to the Nazis. (This army vowed to continue the fight against Hitler in order to set France free.)

Rome- Berlin Axis 1936: an agreement between Hitler and Mussolini to become allies. ( Italy, under the dictator Mussolini, allies itself with Nazi Germany.)

Adolf Hitler: leader of the Nazis party. He believed that Aryans were the master race and hated Jews and other minorities. He made many changes once he gained power of Germany in 1933 including turning Germany into a totalitarian state.

Anne Frank: a young Jewish girl that lived in an attic in Germany for two years with her family, hiding from the Germans. The Nazis later found her and sent her to a concentration camp, where she died at the age of 15.  Later, her diary was discovered and published.

Aryans: Caucasians not of Jewish descent and, for Hitler, particularly people of pure German descent. Hitler believed these people to be the master race.

St. Louis: the liner that arrived off Canadas East coast carrying 907 Jews in June 1939. These refugees had been denied entrance to Cuba and other Latin American countries. Canada refused to allow the passengers to enter Canada. The ship was forced to return to Europe where many of them eventually died in Concentration camps.

Mein Kampf: a book that Hitler wrote in the early 1920s. The title means My Struggle. Within the novel, Hitlers Semitic views were there for the world to see. He described Jews as deadly poison and vermin.

Chapter 13

The Blitz:  the nightly bombing of British targets by the German air force. (In spite of the war of terror from the air, the British did not give up and Hitler eventually abandoned his idea to bomb Britain out of the war.)

Battle of Britain: the nightly bombing of Britain, from August to October 1940, marked the beginning of the long struggle against Nazi Germany. (The greatly outnumbered Royal Air Force shot down 3000 Nazi planes over Britain in two months.)

Pearl Harbour: the American naval base in the Pacific that was attacked by the Japanese air force in a surprise attack on 6 December 1941. (Brought US into the war; the US declared was on Japan and on Germany.)

Dieppe: the site of the Allied raid on the German stronghold along the coast of France. (A major disaster in which thousands of Canadians were killed, wounded, or taken prisoner.)

Convoy System: 50 or 60 ships from Canada would travel to Britain in a group with armed escorts to protect them from U-boat attack. (Canadian navy played a key role in escorting the convoys and keeping supply lines to Britain open.)

Battle of Ortona: a key battle of the Italian campaign in the Allied push to capture Rome.

 (A Canadian regiment from Edmonton succeeded in defeating a superbly trained and outfitted German force.)

Battle of Stalingrad: a long German siege of the Russian city of Stalingrad through the freezing winter of 1942-1943, where eventually the Germans were surrounded by the Russians. (The farthest point of Nazi advance into the Soviet Union, and the greatest defeat the Germans had yet suffered.)

D-Day: deliverance day, 6 June 1944, when a huge Allied army managed to invade Western Europe. (The beginning of the successful invasion to liberate Europe from the Nazis.

Camp X: a top-secret training post for Allied spies and sabotage experts on the shores of Lake Ontario near Oshawa. (Provided key training and supplies for allies spies and code breakers who eventually helped to win the war.)

V1 and V2: Hitlers secret rockets known as Vengeance Weapons. (Intended to terrorize the British population into surrender, but the launching sites were discovered and bombed by the British before they could do very serious damage.)

Manhattan Project: a top secret American and Allied project to develop an atomic bomb. (The Americans won the race to develop the bomb before the Axis powers and the atomic bombs were eventually dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.)

VE day: Victory in Europe Day, 8 May 1945 (the day Nazi Germany ceased to exist and the war in Europe was over.)

Final Solution: an outrageous Nazi scheme to try to exterminate every Jewish man, woman, and child. (The end result of Hitlers anti- Semitism was his attempt to deal with what he called the Jewish problem in Europe.)

The Holocaust: the Nazis systemic destruction of millions of Jewish people. (The Holocaust destroyed over one-third of the Jews in Europe: in total approximately six million Jews.)

Kamikaze Pilots: Japanese suicide pilots who crashed their planes onto allied ships. (To be a kamikaze pilot was seen by the Japanese as an honourable way to die.)

Enola Gay: the plane that carried the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. (The mission flown by the Enola Gay marked the beginning of the atomic age.)

General Dennis MacAruthur: The American commander in the Pacific on 2 September 1945 when the Japanese surrendered. At the signing to end the war he said, Let us pray that peace be now restored to the world

Rosa Robota: a young Jewish girl at Auschwitz. She as forced to work in a gunpowder factor. Her and her friends decided to steal enough gunpowder to blow up the crematorium and the gas chambers. On 7 October 1944, they successfully blew up Number 3 Crematorium. Her and her friends were arrested and after four days of torture the Nazis hanged her.

Chapter 14:

Total War: all industries, materials, and people are put to work for the war effort. (The policy of total war meant that everyone in Canada was affected by the war.)

Rationing: government limited amount that a person could buy. (Rationing allowed supplies to be sent to troops and other allied countries.)

Ration Card: a card necessary for buying gasoline, butter, sugar, meat, tea, and coffee during wartime. (The amounts of these products was purposely limited by the government.)

Plebiscite: all citizens are allowed to have Canadians to say whether or not they were in favour of releasing the government from the pledge not to introduce conscription.)

Propaganda: spreading particular ideas and beliefs to control peoples thought or feelings and to make them act in a particular way. (Propaganda is a publicity campaign to manipulate public opinion that is used by all side in wartime.)

War Measures Act: gave the Canadian Cabinet the power to make any decisions during wartime without debate in the House of Commons. (The government used this act to justify its internment of the Japanese Canadians.)

Interment Camp: places where prisoners of war or suspected enemy aliens could be kept under guard during wartime. (Used by the government of Canada to house Japanese Canadians during World War II.)

Japanese Property Claims Commission: the commission set up by the Canadian government to review claims by Japanese Canadians who felt they had not been treated fairly.)

Middle Power: a country less important and powerful than a superpower, but more important than smaller and less powerful countries. (Canada was recognized as a middle power for its outstanding contribution to the war effort.)

Shizuye Takashima: a young Japanese Canadian girl who spent three years in an internment camp during World War II. A book called, A Child in Prison Camp, was written to show what life was like for her and her family when they isolated in a camp.