Unit 1:Diversity of Living Things 

Diversity: a term that biologists use to represent the variety or differences, which exist among organisms.

Species: a kind of organism; organisms that are very similar to one another; they usually reproduce only among themselves.

Adaptation: features that increase chances of surviving and reproducing.

Mimicry: when an organism copies another that is feared or dangerous to others. (Example: Bee fly: its yellow and black like a bee, has no stinger. Butterfly with large eye shape on its wing.)

Camaflouge: when an organism blends in with the surroundings. (Example: chameleon-changes color. Arctic hare: -white in winter/grayish brown in fall

Warning coloration: when an organism uses its bright colors to scare away enemies. Examples: leopard gecko: yellow spots black widow: red hourglass on its back.

Evolution: change over time

Life cycle: the stages of development that an organism goes through in life.

Metamorphosis: a dramatic change in an n organisms appearance and habits during its life cycle.

Survival of the fittest: means the same thing as natural selection: it means that only the strongest, largest and most independent members of a group will survive to go on to reproduce, while the weaker ones will probably end up dying.

Kingdom: the largest group into which an organism may be classified.

Multicellular: organism consisting of more then one cell; cells are specialized to perform different functions.

Unicellular: consisting of a single cell.

Hierarchical system: a system of classification in which groups at each level are subdivided to produce smaller groups at a level below. (Levels are: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species)

Ectotherm: cold-blooded organism whose body temperature changes as the temperature of its surroundings changes. Example: snake

Endotherm: warm-blooded organism whose body temperature remains constant in spite of changes in the temperature of its surroundings. Example: human

Dichotomous key: a list of pairs of alternate characteristics used for classification; in biology, the characteristics used to identify organism are usually structural traits.

Autotroph: an organism able to make its own food through the process of photosynthesis.

Spore: tiny reproductive structure of some groups or organism, such as ferns, bryophytes and fungi.

Alternation of generations: when a species produce asexually one year and sexually the next.

1.      Obtaining food: moose: a moose uses its antlers to knock berries and twigs off of trees and bushes.

Eagle: an eagles uses its keen eyesight to spot its prey while flying.

Pitcher plant: a pitcher plant uses its slippery tubes to trap bugs in so they uses the bugs body to receive nourishment to grow.

Birch tree: a birch tree uses its long roots to obtain nourishment to grow.

Protection: skunk: a skunk scares away enemies by giving them a covering of their smelly spray.

Rosebush: a rosebush is protected by the needles on its branches.

Rabbit: a rabbit uses its large ears to listen for any enemies that may be approaching them.

Birch tree: a birch tree loses its leaves during the winter so it does not freeze from the cold.

Locomotion: codfish; codfish uses its strong tail and fins to help move around.

Snake: a snake uses its flexible muscles to allow its to move.

Moose: the long legs on a moose it to get places quicker.

Starfish: A starfish floats around in the water when it wants to move and uses its suction cupped arms to stick to rocks when it wants to stop.

Reproduction:

Peacock: a peacock displays his colorful feathers to attract a mate.

Kangaroo: A kangaroo uses the large pouch on her stomach to carry around her baby.

Turtles: Turtles bury their eggs so they can be protected from predators.

2.      Polymorphism: the existence of several distinct forms within the same species. Example: termites

Sexual dimorphism: The variation (differences) in appearance of the male and female. Example: paper nautilus(p.231)-female is large male is tiny

3.Artificial selection:  the deliberate change in species of animals, plants and other organisms by breeding together only those individuals that have the traits desired.

Example: racehorse: in a racehorse the breeder would want to pick a mother and father with strong bodies, good stamina and a compact body.

Corn: in corn a breeder would choose corn plants that produce a high yield of corn, can last through tough weather and would choose corn that tastes the best.

Natural selection: a process in nature by which individuals that are not well adapted to their environment do not survive. Those that are well adapted do survive to reproduce more of their kind and, thus are said to be selected; over time this process can lead to changes in species.

Example: a group of seagulls are used to warm weather. They are suddenly hit by cold weather. The seagulls that are smaller and less strong will most likely not survive as the stronger ones will survive and go on to reproduce.

4.The case of the peppered moth is an example of natural selection because since the light moths were better suited to the country (less polluted) while the dark moths survived in the polluted cities.

The San Jose Scale    the thick shelled bugs were better adapted to their environment so they survived and reproduced.

Darwins finches on the Galapagos Islands the birds with the beak type best suited to the food available were more likely to survive and reproduce.

5. Darwin and Wallace were two English naturalists which first proposed the theory of natural selection during the last century.

6. The three observations that led to the theory of natural selection were:

a) there is variation in traits among the individuals in a species.    b) individuals pass on forms of traits to their offspring by reproducing.     C) not all individuals reproduce

7.      The main characteristics of each kingdom are: a)Kingdom Monera: -unicellular (single-celled) do not have a nucleus  -may live singly or in colonies  -barely visible with a microscope example: bacteria

Kingdom Protista: -more different looking  -unicellular and multicellular  -has a cell nucleus  -some are disease causing  example: Amoebae, Paramecium

Kingdom Fungi: -feed off of other things  -theyre not capable of photosynthesis stiff cell wall unicellular and multicellular  -they digest food outside and absorb it. examples: yeast, mould and mushrooms

Kingdom Plantae: -multicellular  - are capable of photosynthesis  -rigid cell wall.  Examples: fern ,mosses ,trees, herbs, flowering shrubs

Kingdom Animalia:  -multicellular  -most are capable of locomotion  -depend on other organisms for food  -cells bound by flexible membranes only.  Examples: dog, human, and jellyfish

8.Describe the classification system developed by:

Aristotle: he divided all known living things into groups, plants and animals. He further divided each of these two groups into three others. He grouped plants as trees, shrubs or herbs according to the structure of their stems. He grouped animals according to where they lived; in water, on land or in the air.

Carl von Linne: -scientist that developed the two name system used for naming and classifying organisms. The system uses Latin word. The first name is the Genus that the organism belongs to and the second name is the species. Example Felis domesticus is the scientific name for a house cat. Note: First letter of the genus is capital. The second word(species) is not.

9.Latin is still used today to name organisms because it stops confusion in communication. All scientists are familiar with the Latin names, no matter what language they speak themselves.

10.Describe the life cycle of a fern: (on other sheet)

11.Three reasons why liverworts and mosses must live in moist areas are:

a)      they do not have true roots for absorbing water.

b)      They have no vascular tissue           c)they need moisture for sexual reproduction

Unit 2: Electricity

Terms:

Static electricity: the build-up of electric charges on an object.

Electric charge: positive or negative particles that exert an electric force.

Electric forces: the attraction or repulsion between objects or particles that have an electric charge.

Electric discharge: the removal of an electric charge from an object. Example: shock, lightning

Current electricity: the continuous movement of charged particles (electrons) through a conductor.

Galvanometer: a device that is used to detect weak electric currents. It was named for Luigi Galvani.

Ammeter: a device used to detect strong electric current.

Ampere: the unit by which current electricity is measured. It is also the number of electrons moving past a point in a wire in one second.

Conductor: a material that allows electricity to flow through easily. Examples: water, steel, nails, and copper.

Battery: two or more cells joined together to produce an electric current.

Voltage: a measure of the amount of electrical energy supplied by each unit of electric charge by the electrons.

Volt: the unit that measures the electrical energy.

Voltmeter: a device used to measure the electrical energy that the moving electrons have.

Resistor: a device with a certain resistance to the passage of electric charges; used in electronic devices.

Cell: a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy.

generator: a device that produces electrical energy from mechanical energy, usually from kinetic energy of steam or running water.

permanent magnet: a piece of hard steel alloy (usually straight or U-shaped) that stays magnetized for a long time.

electromagnet: a coil of wire, usually with an iron core, that becomes magnetized when a current exists in it.

thermocouple: device consisting of a junction of two different metals: it produces an electric current when the junction is heated.

solar energy: radiant energy  that reaches earth from the Sun.

photoelectric effect: an effect in which light, shining on metal, causes electrons to be emitted from the surface of the metal, producing an electric current.

piezoelectric effect: an electric current produced by sound, due to the changing pressure of sound waves on certain crystals.

electric circuit: an uninterrupted conducting path for an electric current.

Variable resistor: a device that can be used to control the amount of current in an electric circuit.

Solar cell: device, made of metal, that converts light (sun) energy into  electrical energy. Examples: street lights, calculators, cars (solar powered), satellites

1.      This is how an  object gains a charge of static electricity:

All objects contain the same amount of protons and electrons and are considered to be electrically neutral. When 2 unlike objects are rubbed together, electrons are dislodged from an object and added to the other object. The object losing electrons has more protons than electrons and therefore is positively charged. The object gaining electrons will have more electrons than protons and will be negatively charged.

2. The three laws of electric charges are: (1) opposite charges attract each other. (2) Similar (like) charges repel each other. (3) Charged objects attract natural objects.

3. The two components of an electric cell are: (1) electrodes: usually two different metals (or carbon) that allow electrons to enter or leave. Examples: carbon rod and zinc strip, copper wire and paper clip.

Electrolytes: solution or paste that conducts electricity. Examples: juice on fruit/ vegetable, ammonium chloride

4. An electric cell produces a supply of electric charge by: The material in the cell, electrodes and electrolytes, interact with each other causing a chemical reaction to occur. The result is that some electrons move from electrode into the solution (electrolyte) onto the other electrode. The electrode with the fewer electrons is positively charge while the electrodes with more electrons is negatively charged.

5.how electrons move through a conducting path;

Beginning at the negative electrode of the cell, electrons repel each other, throughout he length of the conducting wire to the positive electrode. At the same time the positive electrode of the cell attracts the electrode. This creates a current. As the current flows, the chemicals in the cell keep taking electrons from the positive electrode and giving them to the negative electrode until the cell is used up.

6. resistance:  a measure of how much a material resists the passage of electric charges.

The four factors that affect the resistance in a wire are: I) length of the wire: the longer the wire the more collision the electrons will have with the atoms of the wire. Therefore the more resistance.

II) Diameter of the wire: the thicker the wire the more space the electrons have to move through and therefore have less collisions. A thick wire will have less resistance then a thin wire.

III) Temperature: the hotter the wire the more quickly the electrons and atoms of the wire will be moving. Thin wire causes more collision and therefore more resistance.

IV) Type: different types of wires offer more or less resistance to the passage of electrons. Example: tungsten wire offers more resistance then copper wire.

7. Using a permanent magnet and wire to make a generator you must first coil the wire. Then move the magnet towards and into the coil of wire. This will create current electricity. If you move the magnet out of the coil of wire the current will flow through the wire as long as the magnet is moving.

Three ways you could increase the amount of current produced by the generator are:

a)      more coils of wire b) use a stronger magnet c) move the magnet/coil faster

7.      The four main parts of a circuit are: I) source: part of an electric circuit that change chemical energy into electrical energy. Example: cell or battery II) conductor: part of the circuit that allows electrons to travel in a path. Example: wire III) control: part of the circuit that stops and starts the flow of electrons. Example: switch IV) Load: part of the circuit that changes electrical energy into some other form (heat, light or kinetic) Example: light bulb or motor.

9.Differences between a parallel and series circuit:

10. On other sheet.

11. Two factors that could change the amount of current produced by a solar cell are: -distance between the solar cell and the light source  -number of solar cells    -intensity or brightness of the source      -metal in the solar cell

The factors that affect the current produced by the thermocouple are:     -amount of heat            -length of wire(# of coils)            -size of wire      -type of wire

12.a) Everything, except motor will go on.

b) Nothing will work     c)everything will work

Unit 3:Heat Transfer

Temperature: a measure of the average energy of the particles that make up a substance.

Thermal energy: the total energy of the particles of a substance.

Heat: energy transferred from a hotter substance to a cooler one.

Heat conductor :a material that allows heat to transfer through it readily (metal, pot)

Heat insulator: a material that does not allow electrons to pass easily from one particle of the material to the next (rubber, plastic, wood.)

Thermal conductivity: a measure of the ability of a substance to conduct heat

Convection current: the circulating path of a fluid caused by the application of heat.

Thermals: the rising part of a convection current  in the atmosphere.

Radiant energy: -energy transferred by means of radiator. Some examples of radiant energy are: sunlight, TV, microwaves, x-rays, cell phones, satellites, heat lamp

1.Two types of heat transfer are:

conduction: transfer of energy through a material.

Convection: the process of transferring heat by the circulating motion of particles.

Radiation: the transfer of energy in a wave-like form.

2.The three main parts of particle theory are;

a)all matter is made up of tiny particle    b) the tiny particles are always moving

a)      the more energy the particles gain, the faster they move.

The difference between a hot and cold object:

If something is cold it means that its particles are moving relatively slowly. When it is hot its particles are moving more quickly. In any substance the particles will be moving more quickly or more slowly; that is, some have more energy and some have less. The average energy of the particles in the cold object is less than the average energy of the particles when it is hot.

3.Some facts about the particles:

solids: particles are tightly packed together move by vibrating particles are in fixed positions (cant change places)

liquids: -particles are still relatively close together, but they move freely particles can change places

gases: particles are widely spaced can move freely or exchange places

4. Temperatures of the soup is higher then the temperature of the spoon so heat transfers. Metal, being a good conductor also allows for this heat transfer. The particles in the spoon are tightly packed together. When the spoon is heated, the particles gain energy and vibrate faster, colliding with each other. The action causes a chain reaction throughout the particles in the spoon. Energy is transferred from the warm end of the spoon to the other end.

5. Three applications for heat conduction are: -hot rocks           -curling iron      -crimper

magic bag

6. How a liquid or gas is heated using convection currents:

The particles of air near the heater gain energy, requiring more space in which to move and collide. They spread apart, with the result that the heated air becomes less dense than the cooler surrounding air. The warmer, less dense air rises and is replaced by the cooler, more dense air. The air thus begins to move in a circular path, in a convection current.

7.How a sea breeze is created:

The land warms up  more quickly then the water. The air above the land warms up as well and becomes less dense then the cooler air above  the lake. This cooler air forces the less dense air to rise, producing convection current, blowing from the water towards the land.

8.Tell difference between convection and conduction:

Look at answers/definitions:

9.Six examples of radiant energy are:

sunlight, microwaves, x-rats, telephones, satellites and heat lamps

10. The three properties of radiant energy are:

(a)    Waves of radiant energy can travel in a vacuums

(b)   The waves all travel at an extremely high speed.

(c)    Radiant energy travels in a straight line.

11. The three ways that energy can interact with matter are:

reflection: occurs if the radiant energy striking an object cannot get past the particles at the surface. When most of the energy is reflected, there is little rise in the temperature of the object increases.

Absorption: occurs if the radiant energy penetrates part way into an object where it can cause the particles to gain energy. When the radiant energy is absorbed, it increases the average energy of the particles and therefore increases the temperature of the object.

Transmission: occurs if the radiant energy can penetrate and pass through an object without being absorbed by the particles. No temperature increase observed.

12. The best type of materials that make the best absorbers/ emitters are dark, dull, black clothing.

13. RSI Value: the resistance to heat transfer of a material of a specific thickness.

Gypsum= 0.035 RSI per cm Plywood= 0.087 RSI per cm Fibreglass= 0.24 RSI per cm RSI x thickness in cm +RSI cm

RSI Gypsum ( 1.8 cm)=  0.063

RSI Plywood (2.4 cm)=  0.2088

RSI fiberglass insulation (20 cm)= 4.8

Total 5.0718

14.  Greenhouse effect: a warming of the temperature of the air caused by the trapping of heat as in a greenhouse, where heat is trapped inside a glass structure: this effect also occurs in the Earths occurs in the Earths atmosphere, where carbon dioxide molecules trap heat.

The greenhouse gases and where they come from:

methane: bogs digestion of cows           carbon monoxide; cars

carbon dioxide: factories, forest fires, cars         CFCs: aerosol cans

 Ways to minimize the greenhouse effect:

- car-pooling    -pump sprays vs. aerosol cans      solar power vs fuel    -walk instead of drive    -dont burn bogs or flood them    -use public transit instead of individual cars

etc.

Chemistry:

Chemistry: the science concerned with properties of matter and changes in matter.

Matter: anything that has mass and occupies space.

Property: characteristics used to help describe or identify substances.

Examples:  -state (is it a solid, liquid or gas?)

-color (what color is it, or is it colorless)

-lustre (if it is a solid, is it shiny or dull)

-texture (if it is a solid, is it smooth or rough)

-crystal structure (does the solid form crystals? What shape are the crystals?)

-taste

pure substances:  a substance that contains only one kind of matter; element and compounds are pure substances

mixture: contains at least two substances.

Atom: the smallest particle into which an element may be subdivided and retain the properties of the element.

Molecule: a particle formed when two or more atoms combine. Look at drawings on page.13

Periodic table: an organization of all the elements, in a manner that show some major properties and similarities.

Atomic number: the number of protons in an atom. This is written on the periodic table (p.347) for each element. For example: Chlorine has an atomic number of 17.

Mass number: the sum of the number of protons and neutrons. (mass# = # of protons+ # of neutrons.)

Isotope: atom of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

Valence electrons: electrons in the top energy level.

Reactant: any substance used up in a chemical reaction

Product: any substance produced in a chemical reaction.

Law of Conservation of Mass: In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants is always equal to the total of the products.

Combustion: a chemical reaction in which oxygen is now of the reactants and which occurs rapidly enough to produce heat and light

Exothermic reaction: a chemical reaction in which energy is released to the surroundings. Example: holding a light match to a candle

Endothermic reaction: a chemical reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings. Example: cooking, frying an egg.

Acid: a type of compound that, when dissolved in water, produces a solution with a pH lower than 7.

Base: a type of compound that, when dissolved in water, produces a solution with a pH higher than 7.

Neutral substance: a substance that is neither an acid nor a base.

Indicator: a substance used to detect the presence of another substance. For example, iodine is an indicator of the presence of starch.

pH scale: a scale of numbers running from 0 to 14 that measures acidity.

Universal indicator: a mixture of several acid-base indicators

Neutralization: a reaction between an acid and a base.

Reaction rate: the speed of a chemical reaction.

Corrosion: a type of chemical reaction in which a metal is eaten away as it reacts with other substances in the environment.

1.      The four points of the atomic theory are: a) all matter is made up of tiny particles, called atoms.

b)atoms of any one element are like one another and are different from atoms of other atoms of other elements.

c)atoms may combine with other atoms to form larger particles, called molecules,

d)atoms are not created or destroyed by any ordinary means.

2.      Determine whether these elements are metals or non-metals:

Cu (copper): metal        S (sulphur): non-metal   Al (aluminum): metal                

Be (beryllium): metal     Na (sodium):metal        F(fluorine):non-metal

O (oxygen): non-metal

3.      state: the forms in which matter can be found: solid, liquid, gas.

That is the state of:

K(potassium): solid       Hg:( mercury) liquid      O(oxygen):gas              Pb(lead): solid 

Br( bromine): liquid       Ar( argon): gas H(hydrogen): gas          Li(lithium): solid

4. All matter is divided into two groups, Mixtures of substances (contain at least 2 substances.) and Pure substances (contains only  one substance). They are then divided into further groups. Mixtures are divided into mechanical mixtures (you can see the  different parts of the mixture) and solutions ( appears to be all one substance.) Pure substances are divided into elements ( cannot be broken down into any simpler substance by chemical means) and compounds (made up of two or more elements combined in a definite magnification.)

5. The particles inside an atom:

Particle                   Charge                   Where it is located                                               Mass

Proton                    positive (+)            in the nucleus à tightly packed                       make up the mass

Neutron                 0 (neutral)              in the nucleus à together                                  of the nucleus

Electron                 negative (-)            circles around the nucleus (in a cloud)            2000 times less than a

                                                                                                                                                Proton

6. Chemical change: change in which one or more new substances are produced. These substances have different properties then those of the starting substances. A chemical change is difficult to reverse. Examples: rusting, cooking, bread mold

Physical change: change in state or appearance where no new substance is produced. A physical change is usually reversible. Examples: dissolving. Melting, boiling, braking into pieces, freezing

7. Five clues that would indicate that a chemical change has occurred:

- new color appears      -heat or light is given off            -bubbles of gas are formed

- solid material (called precipitate) forms in liquid           - the change is difficult to reverse

Activity 1-6

Part B was chemical change since changing the wool back to its original form is difficult.

Part C was a chemical change since there were bubbles of gas formed, changing the strip back into its original from is very difficult

Part D was a chemical change since there was a color change and precipitate was formed on bottom of test tube.

8.

9. Draw a Bohr- Rutherford model for each atom:

a)14                                        4e-       b) 32                                                      6e-

16 p+              16 n

6 p+ 8 N

              C                       2e-              S                                       8e-

P+= 6                                      P+= 16                                                2e-

E- =6                                       E-= 16

N= 8                                        N= 16

10.   Draw an orbital diagram for:

a) N 2^nd (X) (/ ) (/ ) (/ ) b) Al  3^rd (/ ) (/ ) (/ ) (  )

              1^st  (X)                                 2^nd (X)(X)(X)(X)

11.  How many valence electrons does an atom of each of the following have:

a) C=4             b) F=7             c) H=1             d) Li=1 e) Ne=8

12.  Draw a Lewis dot diagram for:

a)      Br  **        b) P   **

    *Br *           *  P  *

      ** *                 *

13. Draw a Lewis Dot diagram for:

on other sheet

16. Chemical test: a distinctive chemical reaction that allows you too positively identifies an unknown substance. Example, oxygen causes a glowing splint to burst into flame

Oxygen: *Light a wooden splint  * Blow out the flame but leave the splint glowing   * Hold the glowing splint in a small amount of the unknown gas    * If the splint bursts into flame, the gas is oxygen.

Hydrogen: * Light a wooden splint   * Hold the burning splint in a small amount of the unknown substance   * If you hear a pop the gas is hydrogen

16. b)  Describe the chemical test for:

a)      carbon dioxide: *bubble the unknown gas through the limewater solution (solution of calcium hydroxide in water) OR * add a few drops of the limewater solution to the gas and swirl it around  * If the limewater turns milky, the gas is carbon dioxide

b)      Water: * touch the cobalt (II) chloride test paper to the liquid  * if the paper turns pink, the liquid is water.

17. Four properties of acids and bases are:

acids: taste sour, are soluble in water, undergo similar chemical reactions, react with bases

bases: taste bitter, are soluble in water, feel slippery, and react with acids

Mr. Clean:base orange juice: acid          blood:base        Rolaid tablet: base

rain:acid                        vinegar: acid                 drano: base       stomach juices:acids

tomato:acid                   Pepto Bismal: base       Pepsi: acid        Javex: base

18. Three factors that affect the reaction rate are:

i)                    temperature: For some, the effect may be hardly noticeable or even impossible to measure. Example: a hamburger with right temperature turns out with perfection. With too much heat, other reactions occur and you end up with blackened lump.

ii)                   Surface area: For two substances to react together, they must come in close contact.  The closer the contact, the faster the reaction will be.  When one of the reactants is a solid and the other is a liquid or a gas, the surface area of the solid will have an effect on the rate of the reaction.

iii)                 Concentration: The higher the concentration the more it increases the reaction rate.

Unit: Environmental Quality

Terms:

Acid rain: precipitation  with a pH lower than 5.6.

Issue: topic about which there are two or more point of views.

1.      The four Rs of waste management:

Reduce: simply means to decrease the amount of waste produced. Ex. Educe the amount of packaging used. Reducing is the best and cheapest way to decrease the amount of waste produced (both in means of energy and material consumption), but it requires the most noticeable changes in lifestyle.

Reuse: means to use things wither for the same purpose a second rime or for a new purpose. The reuse of pop bottles is one example.  Reuse is a good approach to cutting down on waste because it requires only enough energy to clean and refill the bottles and no new materials are needed. People also often come up with inventive ways to reuse bottles, out of need.

Recycle: means to collect waste of certain type, in order to break it down and rebuild it into other products.  Recycling requires energy to break down and rebuild materials, as well as the input of new materials.

Recover: means to reclaim either waste material or energy, in order to put it to another use. Recovery is effective only when large amounts of waste or energy are produced. Ex: compost.

2.The effect of acid rain on the environment:

Acid rain cause chemical changes in soil and water that, over many years, can reduce soil fertility, retard tree growth, and kill animal ad plant life in rivers and lake.  Acid rain is strong enough to corrode exposed metal surfaces and eat away at stone statues and limestone buildings. It can also result in the leaching of toxic chemicals, such as mercury, from soil into the waterways. In lakes that are becoming more acidic, it is common to see no young fish, only mature adults.  This is because female fish seem to have trouble releasing their eggs in acidic water, and eggs and newly hatched young die at a higher rate in the acidic lakes.

2.      Ecological: concern for the protection of natural ecosystems.

Economic: concern for financial gain and job creation.

Educational: concern for acquiring and sharing knowledge.

Egocentric: concern for self- interest.

Ethical/ Moral: concern that an action is morally right or wrong.

Health- related: concern for physical and mental well being.

Recreational: concern that the environment be useable for leisure activities.

Political: concern about how an action affects a government, a political party, or a politician.

Scientific: concern that knowledge be obtained by objective observation and experiment.

Technological: concern for practical problem- solving and application of scientific knowledge.

Examples on p. 292,293 in text.