Candidates: individuals who run in an election, hoping to become the elected representatives.

(This is the right definition, the one on the sheet is wrong.)

**definition of Lobbyist is wrong and is actually the definition of Lobbying

actual definition for lobbyist: an individual who attempts to get government to make decisions that will benefit his/ her group

9.1 Terms:

Elections: the process of voting for representatives, open in Canada to all citizens 18 years of age or older.

Ministers: members of parliament/ assembly selected to be part of the cabinet.

politics: the way in which we organize ourselves so that the members of our society can live together in peace and security.

Federal government: national government dealing with concerns of the nation as a whole.

Provincial government: government dealing with the concerns of the province.

Municipal Government: a from of local council, concerned with looking after local matters under the direction of the provincial government.

Riding: a constituency or area that is represented in parliament.

Representative democracy: form of government in which individuals are chosen to represent a riding, constituency, or group.

Representatives: individuals elected by voters to represent a geographic area in government.

Political party: an organized group formed by individuals who have simple views on public issues.

Caucus: members of a political party.

Candidates: Voters who vote for the candidates.

Prime Minister: leader of the largest party in House of Commons, which forms the federal government.

Political activist: individuals who use direct action to draw attention to and promote a cause.

Premier: leader of the largest party in the assembly, which forms the provincial government.

Lobby group: A group of individuals who work together to influence public and government decision making.

Lobbyist: the act of influencing government decision workers.

Opposition: members of parliament who do not belong to the governing party.

Cabinet: selected members of parliament from the governing party responsible for most major decisions; members of the cabinet, called ministers, must have the support of the majority of the elected representatives in order to govern.

Constituents: people who live in a riding or constituency.

9.2   The three levels of government in terms of their responsibilities:

Federal -Defense -international trade -banking

Provincial -Education -hospitals -health care system -Natural resources - municipal government

Municipal

-Garbage collection

-Fire protection services

-Street cleaning and maintenance

-Building permits

-Collecting property taxes and license fees

(E.g. For stores or pets) to pay for services.

9.3  Voters are represented in government through their elected representatives. These representatives represent the interests of their constituents by many means. Some methods of representation are as follows:

- Receive petitions and present them to the meeting place of the level of government they are elected

- Receive enquiries about programs that governments run and provide assistance in getting connected to the correct department or officials

- Act on various committees of government to effect change

- Attend functions in the community to keep in touch with issues that effect the constituents

These representatives are called various names, depending on the level of government they are elected in. In Newfoundland these representatives are as follows:

Municipal Councillors

Provincial Member of the House of Assembly MHA

Federal Member of Parliament MP

These people got to be our representitives because they were nominated by their party. The members of the party then voted to see who would be their representitive for that area.

9.4

The representatives in government for us are in the St. Georges- Burin area are:

Bill Matthews: Federal (Liberal)            Gerald Smith: Provincial District of Port au Port (Liberal) and Kevin Aylward Provincial District of Stephenville East st-Georges

9.5 The types of groups that can influence government and how they influence government:

·        Political activists: use direct action such as protest marches, distributing pamphlets, rallies, and public speeches to draw attention to a cause. Ex. Environmentalists in your riding might hold a rally outside the offices of the industry that is planning to build the new plant, or they might hold a large picnic on the banks of the river to draw attention to the area they are trying to save.

·        Media: they are a powerful means of communication. Ex. The environmentalists might place advertisements in newspapers and on the local radio or television stations, but- more importantly- they would probably try to ensure media coverage of their cause.  The media reach a very large audience. And can persuade large numbers of people to think one way or another.  A report of the beautiful environment might persuade many people to support the creation of a park in an area zoned for industrial expansion.  In contrast, a report of a hostile and disruptive protest our side the office building might persuade many people that the environmentalists who oppose the new plant are a group of troublemakers.

·        Lobbying: Lobbyists try to persuade politicians to support their cause, usually by supplying them with information. Ex. An environmentalist lobby group might give the Minister the Environment a petition from nature lovers and documentation showing hoe the new industrial plant would destroy habitat for wildlife in the area. It is often more effective to form a lobby group of people who support the cause.

·        Labor Unions, non-governmental organizations (NGOs): they use various methods including lobbying, to represent the concerns of their members.  Ex. The environmentalists in your riding might gain support from an NGO such as Pollution Probe.

·        Court or judicial system: gives people the power to challenge actions that threaten their rights.  Ex. If the environmentalists could prove that there was a good legal reason why the industrial plant should not be allowed, they could challenge the company and its plans to expand in court. If the law states that an environmental assessment must be done to predict the impact of any new industry, and the assessment has not been done, environmentalists would probably be able to get an injunction- a court order preventing the plant from being built until appropriate studies were complete.  Similarly, if protesters were interfering with the operation of the company offices, the company could probably get an injunction to keep the protesters away.

9.6 In Newfoundland and Labrador the party with the most seats/ ridings/ constituencies forms the ruling party. In Newfoundland and Labrador there are 48 seats. To have a majority govt the party must have half the seats plus one more or a minimum of 25. To have a minority govt the party must have more then the opposition but less then half.

10.1 Terms

Resources: available stocks or supplies of which we can try to meet our needs and wants

Economics: the study of our efforts to satisfy our unlimited wants through the use of resources.

Needs: something you need to survive.

Wants: something you believe you need

Economist: someone who studies economics.

Scarcity: when a resource is lacking.

Goods: physical products you can purchase.

Services: work done by others.

Opportunity cost give something up in order to acquire something else.

Market: any place that allows consumers and retailers to get together.

Impulse buying: buy things without thinking about the opportunity.

Demand: anything that is scarce enough that people will buy.

Supply: when you offer something that people are willing and able to buy.

Consumers: customers or people who will buy an economic good or service.

Producers: sellers or people who produce/create an economic good or service.

Hidden market: consumers not being exploited

Budget: plan to balance out your income with your expenses.

Substitution effect: when one economic good or service is replaced by another.

Principal: the original money lent (original sum of money).

Interest: money paid for the use of money lent.

Rate of interest: amount of interest paid on a borrowed or invested sum. Shown as percentage.

Compound interest: credit added to original amount borrowed plus interest.

Consumer credit: credit borrowed to buy a good or service.

Investment credit: money borrowed to invest in something.

Disparity: the wealth gap.

Income tax: money taken away from your paycheck by the government to run government services.

Renewable resources: resources that will replenish in our lifetime.

Non-renewable resources: resources that will mot replenish in our lifetime.

Net income: salary after taxes are taken out.

Gross income: the money you have before taxes.

Loss leader: a product or service that is no longer in demand so the producer sells it for a lower price.

Competition: in economic terms, providing goods or services at a lower price or providing better value than other producers.

Discretionary income: the amount of money left over after you pay all your expenses and deposit the compulsory savings.

10.2 Understand how opportunity cost relates to the  real cost of an item or service:

The real cost of an item of an item is not completely explained by its price in dollars. In determining the real cost of buying any good or service, you must take into account the things you must sacrifice whenever you choose to spend money in a certain way. Example: There are two people in a lunch line for pizza. One girl has $200 in her wallet and another only has $1. The pizza cost $1. Who can best afford to spend $1 on a piece of pizza?

10.3    Understand how impulse buying can result in high opportunity cost:

Example: A student feels really hungry and notices the cafeteria is selling pizza. On impulse he spends his only dollar on the pizza. Afterwards he realizes the things he could have bought with the dollar: bus fare home, or deposit in his saving. He then realizes that he has bought on impulse. Unfortunately, for that person, if it began raining that afternoon, his opportunity cost would be very high.

10.4. The rules of supply and demand:

High quantity demanded= high prices                low quantity demanded= low prices

High quantity supplied=low prices                     low quantity supplied= high prices

10.6 Supply and demand as it relates to an upward pressure or downward pressure on price.

Upward pressure on price:  demand is higher then supple (price is too low, it needs to go up)

Downward pressure on price: supply is higher then demand. (Price is too high; it needs to go down)

10.7 Know methods by asute business people to reach the hidden market:

Sales:  the salespeople take money off the actual price to attract consumers to the store.

Cheaper products: the people selling the product may have cheaper products as well as the more expensive products.

Testers: A store may give samples of a type of food to attract the person into buying more of the product.

Equal payment plan: Instead of the retailer making a person pay all of the money at once, the retailer may tell the person to pay for it over a period of time. Ex: instead of paying $100, pay four payments of $25.

10.8. Six features that should be included in an effective budget:

a)      Income and expenses are separated and itemized.

b)      Two entries are made for each item. There is the budgeted amount. This amount is entered and is completed at the beginning of the month.  The actual column records what happened and is completed at the end of the month, to complete the column, write down how much you spend each day.

c)      Fixed expenses, such as repaying a loan, rent, or life insurance, will be the same each month. Other expenses are flexible and have to be estimated.

d)      Under expenses, savings are listed first and described as compulsory. This is an important part of the budget process. People set aside money for emergency use. It enables them to stick to their budget when there are unexpected expenses. Its important to save money on a regular basis.

e)      Any budget should be flexible; to ensure bookkeeping is not too complicated. There is a category for pocket money as well as a category for other.

f)        The budget form should provide space for calculating discretionary income. When there is a positive balance at the end of the month, at your own discretion you can decide on how to spend or save it.

10.9. Rule of 72: you can calculate how long it will take a saved or invested sum of money to double.

How to calculate how long it will take for your saved or invested sum of money to double.

Years it takes to double

                        __

 Interest rate | 72

11.1 terms:

Primary industry: harvesting and extraction of natural resources.

Secondary Industry: processing the natural resources. Making it into a usable product.

Tertiary Industry: the section of the economy that provides services rather then goods.

Quaternary Industry: involves specialized technology. Provides services.

Gross Domestic Product: the total amount of goods and services produced in a given year in a given area.

Natural Resource: Materials that are naturally found in our environment that are harvested to meet human needs.

Aquaculture: fish farming. Man made environment in which fish are produced and raised.

Continental Shelf: areas located near coastlines that are shallow water and contain an abundance of minerals.

Allowable Annual cut: a limit on the amount of timber that can be cut each year.

Crop Rotation: growing one crop on land where another crop was grown previously. This practice helps to restore nutrients that have been depleted.

Contour ploughing: plowing along slopes instead of up and down slopes to prevent soil from running off during heavy rains.

Diversification: the process of making the economy more varied.

Interdependence: the interconnection of all people and all living things.

11.2    Know how to analyze and interpret data given in a graph.

11.3    Know how to construct graphs to display information given in a table 

11.4    Interdependence greatly relates to the different sectors of the economy.  Primary industries create many jobs in other industries. First, the raw materials must be processed. Wood produced by the primary sector, for example, might create jobs in a furniture factory. Further, when forestry workers spend their earnings, they help to create jobs foe eve more workers- in banks, restaurants and stores, for example. Although some primary industries may contribute only a low percentage of a provinces GDP, if they close down, secondary and service sector industries also suffer.

11.5    Changes in Primary industry:

 Depletion: not there anymore, depleting. Example: Newfoundland fishing industry.

Substitution: substitute something for something else.

Change in consumer demand: demand changes. People either need it less or there is a greater demand.

Technology: more efficient when working. Often less jibs available.

11.6    It is very important to set an allowable annual cut for timber stands since it is a very important resource. If they did not set an allowable annual cut people would be able to cut as many trees as they want. Over a short time, there would be few trees left and the trees would not be able to replace them selves quick enough.

11.7    Manufacturing is broken into two types:

First- stage manufacturing: refers to processing raw materials. Examples: ore fromVoiseys Bay must be processed in a smelter to produce nickel.

Second stage manufacturing: uses processed materials to make finished products. Nickel is used, for examples, to make stainless steel for pots, pans, knives, and forks.

11.8   .The seven stages of Secondary industry:

a)      Financing: industries are sometimes attracted to an area by financial incentives, or other offers of financial investment or aid. Factors such as cost of land and tax rates would be considered.

b)      Labor Force: Businesses locate where they will be able to find or attract a suitable labor force.

c)      Raw materials: industries often locate close to the source of their materials.

d)      Location: factors such as low cost of living or low crime rate and good recreations facilities can attract businesses to an area.

e)      Markets: businesses often locate close to the markets where people will buy the products or services they provide.

f)        Energy: industries locate close to a source of energy.

g)      Linkages; industries often locate close to transportation or communication linkages that can be used for receiving raw materials and shipping finished products.

11.9        What is meant by the new economy is that there is a global shift and it is considered to be a knowledge-based economy or technology economy. Computers and information technology have revolutionized the world of work. High tech skills and experience are in demand on all sectors of the economy and will increase in the future. In the old economy the main industries were resource- based versus knowledge- based in the new economy. Education is much more advanced now then it was before and it shows young people the demand for more knowledge-based jobs versus labor work. It is now essential to be literate if getting a job and young people know that there is more demand in the knowledge- based jobs then the labor jobs.

13.1 terms:

technology: it is the advancement of our knowledge through the application of skills that occur by using products and methods (i.e. process0. Technology changes our lives (+ and

-).

Technological revolution: The radical change in technological advances over a short period of time. For example from the start of time until 1951 there were no computers. From 1951 to now we have seen computers go from the size of a gymnasium to the size of a palm pilot.

Double-edged sword: shows how a type of technology can be good but it can also have some bad qualities.

13.2    Technological change is different today than it was in the early 1900s by:

a) The pace which technology is changing is much quicker.

b) The scope or impact of the technological change is affecting more people today than it ever did (global village is shrinking.)

use simple tools. The Egyptians later learned to use cattle and horse as draft animals. Years later farmers learned about plant-based insecticides, new methods of crop rotation and seed selection. In the late 1700s the English introduced cast iron ploughs drawn by horses. In the early 1800s the first steam powered tractor was developed in the US and chemical fungicides and fertilizers were invented.  Later more complicated technology is introduced such as tractors with an internal combustion engine, the first engineered plants and animals are developed, along with the common use of computerized management of livestock herds.

13.4    There has been great change in technology is society over the past 100 years:

Sports: In hockey people are introduced to much more protective, lightweight equipment, as well as the use of head- protection.

Medicine: there have been many discoveries such as treatments for cancer patients as well as cures for many incurable diseases of long ago.

Transportation: There have been many improvements in road systems (paved roads). There are also faster cars, boats and planes.

Communications: Cellular phones are introduced. Telephone calls now normally go directly to the person you are calling compared to earlier when all calls had to be routed manually through a switchboard.

Work:  There are now computers instead of typewriters, fax machines photocopiers.

Education: There are now larger schools with more opportunities, such as gymnasiums, music programs and science lab equipment.

13.5     What is meant by a double-edged sword is that in most technological discoveries there are good things about the technology but there are also bad qualities. An example of this would be genetic engineering/gene manipulation (aqua bounty farms, page 210) fish farming.

Positive: increased profit for business     -increased accessibility to salmon. (Lesser strain on natural breed)

Negative: if they escape from enclosure, what negative impact would they have on the local breed.

-What impact will eating the salmon have on human beings?

15.1    terms

cod moratorium: the ban of catching cod.

Aquaculture: fish farming. Man made environment in which fish are produced and raised.

Renewable resource: resources that will replenish in our lifetime.

Non-renewable resources: resources that will mot replenish in our lifetime

Robotics: the use of machines controlled by computers.

Factory-freezer trawler: trawlers that are equipped to catch, process, package and freeze fish on board.

Resource management: techniques used to manage resources.

TAC: (total allowable catch) the amount of fish able to be caught each year.

Regeneration: reproduction

Resource Management:

Remote sensing technology: sensors that allow people to collect information from a distance.

Sustainable development: the use of resources to meet our present needs without reducing the ability of future generations to meet theirs.

Pre-commercial cutting:  to clear the small trees to allow the larger ones to mature more quickly, so they can be harvested commercially.

TAC: (Total Allowable Catch)

Regeneration:

Selective cutting: only harvest trees that have reached commercial size.

Strip-cutting: sections of trees are harvested in strips.

Clear-cutting:  all trees are cut out in an area (except birch).

15.2    There were many factors that led to the decline of the northern cod which led to the cod moratorium. One factor was overfishing. There were too many fish caught thus not allowing for the stock to replace itself. This was allowed due to fact that resource management was poorly carried out by the Federal Fisheries and oceans. Another factor was advanced technology combined with the number of fishermen, which placed an unrealistic demand on the cod stock. Foreign fishermen have also depleted the cod stock, along with the believe that seals are eating too much of the cod. People also believe that global warming may have an effect on the cod. The ocean temperature is gradually rising and the question this poses is what affect does it have on caplin and cod. 

15.3     

How technology and the need to increases profits resulted in poor resource management of the Northern Cod (explained in a circular pattern)

15.4    Why was action not taken before 1992?

Technology for resource management was inadequate to the point that scientists from the department of fisheries could not gauge how much cod was out there.

15.5    What did we learn from this tragedy?

a)      resources must be managed in such a way that they are sustainable (i.e. improve resource management techniques for all renewable resources)

b)      Technology must be used more wisely as a tool and it must not become our master.

15.6 a)             The quote stated above is most definitely true.  We have in many ways become too good at catching Northern Cod.  In the early days fisherman would go out in small boats called dories with a few other men and go jigging for fish with a line and hook.  By the end of the day the men would have the small boat filled with cod.  As time went on nets were introduced as well as trawlers and factory freezers.  This enabled people to catch a greater number of fish in a shorter amount of time.  Although this had its very positive qualities and created more money for the fishing industry, it also had extreme negative effects.  Although we were now able to catch more fish, the fish were unable to replace themselves at the rate of the number of fish that were being caught.  We had very poor resource management so the cod population greatly declined.  The scientists were unable to get an accurate idea on how many fish there actually were, and didnt realize the drastic population decline.  The fisherman wanted to catch more fish with their new boats so the government crumbled under the pressure and allowed them to do so.  The government did not have a very good sustainable growth plan set up so there were more fish being caught then there were replaced.  The Newfoundland fisherman depended on the fishing industry, so the government had no desire to cut the Total annual catch (TAC). They did want to see people losing jobs and didnt want to lose money off of the fishing industry.  There were many factors that later led to the cod moratorium, but poor management of technology and resources was greatly to blame.

b)         Technology is around us wherever we go. Many people think that technology is negative, but everything has its negative and positive qualities. That is the same with technology. Technology does not have to be bad. Everyday technology helps us in many ways. We may take the bus to school or use a computer to e-mail and communicate with someone on the other side of the world. Everyday people are coming up with new ideas to reduce the negative effects of technology. We now have solar-powered cars that reduce gas emissions as well as plastic wood to reduce the cutting of trees and to re-use old plastics.  We also need to use our technological discoveries in moderation and not let technology be our masters. We will always know that we are the ones that are inventing the technology and we must learn to not let it control us. It must use as an aid or tool to make our lives a bit easier and enjoyable. In many negative cases people have let technology be their ruler. In the Newfoundland fishing industry we pushed aside our old methods of fishing with a line and hook to dragging in monstrous boats and nets that allowed us to catch many, many times the catch. Our seemingly senseless minds allowed this technology to destroy our sacred fishing industry and look at other methods of making a living.  In this case we could have learned new types of technology to try and fix this problem such as resource management which we could have used earlier on to stop this from happening. Another form of technological that has earned a very negative reputation is the tree harvester. In the early days men would cut trees down by hand, but this has long been replaced. When this was first introduced people would use an extremely dangerous method called clear cutting which would leave large bare parts on the earths surface, showing signs of devastation and destroyed habitat.  With studies and experiments, scientists and environmentalists have found more humane ways of foresting such as selection cutting, strip cutting and pre-commercial thinning.  Foresters are also asked to replace the trees they cut down by planting double the amount that they cut. People are greatly trying to create a sustainable development in the foresting industry do we can currently meet our needs as well as not reducing the resources of the future generations.

Every day technology helps us greatly in living our every day life.  The computer used by many around the world is allowing us to communicate with everyone and helps people to discover new information about themselves and the world. Although technology has reduced employment in some fields of work, it has formed a new work sector involving computers and different forms of technology. With technology we have found cures to many sicknesses and are currently helping us find treatments for Cancer patients and other thriving illnesses. In some areas there are sewage treatment plants are sprouting up and are cutting back on pollution and helping to save the planet we call home.

            Although technology is a very double-sided discovery, being negative and positive, we must try and learn as much about it as we can. We must learn ways to help make our lives better while keeping our eyes open on new ways of reducing the negative effects of our new technological revolution.

15.7   Sustainable development: the use of resources to meet our present needs without reducing the ability of future generations to meet theirs.

Example:

In the above scenario there is not a sustaitable development plan being used. In a sustainable development plan poeople are supposed to use the resouese to meet their needs withour reducing the ability of future generations to meet theirs. In the above scenario the population is quickly dropping by the end of the year. If this pattern continues the species will be in great danger since they are unable to replace themselves quick enouh to replave the lobsters being harvested. Future generations would most likely not have the pleasure of catching lobster unless the population of the species is sustaining itself or if peole learn how to manage the resource more wisely.

15.8  Things that can assist to maintain sustainable development with our renewable natural resources:

Recycling: using recycled paper in paper production can cut energy costs by 40%

Substitutions: solar power, wind mills, plastic lumber instead of wood

Improved technologies: solar cars

15.9 technological change à Britain introduces the stern trawler (1954)

increases ability to increase catch

decreases size of population

reduces size of fishery

technological change à tree harvesters are introduced

                        loggers are able to cut more trees in less time

                        less people are needed to cut trees

                        people lose jobs

15.10      How technological advancement in the mining industry may be a double- edged sword:

Positive: faster, safer, mine a larger area. More jobs for people with computer training.

Negative: people will be out of work!! What do traditional miners do?

15.11      Some of the career opportunities that are created by the minerless mine:

-         engineers to design robots and operate them

-         robotics experts to repair and design robots

-         companies manufacture the robots (ie. Engineers)

-         software designers

-         former miners who act as cinsultanes to give advice (safety/ hazards)

15.12      One advantage and one disadvantage of the following types of tree harvesting techniques:

Clear cutting: + economics: more trees in less time, fewer roads

-         devastates environmentalists, has affect on animlas, planlife, hurts rivers, lakes, leaves look of devastation

Selective Cutting: +this is the most sustianable method of forest management, better for soil/ animals/plants.

-         more expensive/ tree vs. clear cutting, more land has to be used, more roads required

Strip cutting: + roads can be made and constructed along a cut strip, neighboring strips help and provide habitat for plants and animals

-         more expensive/ tree then clear cutting, more area needed to obtain the same amount of resource as clear cutting

15.13      Pre- commercial cutting is an effective method used to maintain a sustainable development plan for forest management. It allows the larger trees to amture more qickly so they can be harvsted commecially. The habitat is also not destroyed.

15.14      full/ whole tree harvester: uses its mechanical arms to grasp a whole standing tree and cut it off at the base with a rotary sawblade. The tree is then transported whole to a processing area where the limbs and tops are removed.

Cut- to- length: fells the tree, removes the limbs and top, and cuts it into log lengths.

15.15      The concern posed tot he forset environment by full/ whole harvesters:

Since the full/ whole harvester does not remove the limbs from the tree it removes a protective layer from the soil. (ie: the limbs are taken.) as traditionally limbs would protect the smaller growth of plants/ seedlings. As well, erosion can happen much quicker becaused a lack of cover.

15.16      Austainable development plan in the forestry industry:

- reforestation:  (seedlings need to be replaced as we harvest the resource.) à we need  to help the natural process

-         use wise methods of harvsting and managing what we already have à selecive cutting and PCT

-         use substitutes that serve the same purpose as trees (ie. Plasic for lumber.)

-         evaluate the necessity of using the timber resourece. Do we need the product that  we are actually producing? Is it a necessity or a want?

15.17:Why reduction of the rainforest is such a global concern:

-         lungs of the earth (has large number of trees that produce a great deal of oxygen)

-         has a large number of fresh water lakes

-         home to many exotic animals

-         many forms of medicine are made from the plants

-         balances the global ecosystem

There are many things that can be done to keep the rainforests safe from extinction:

-         evaluate our actions!! should we buy the meat from the farmers that built their farm sin cut down parts of the fainforest de we actually really need the products that are produced?

-         Realize the rainforest is a global concern and tou can help to reduce the chane of extinction

15.18  How technology is used in the following areas of the forestry industry:

a)      Paper Mills: tedchnology to reduce pollution à water+ smoke + steam

-upgrading water treatment plants, air treatment

-         learning new methods of harvesting and managing resource

b)      Tree nurseries: genetic enginerring à deveop trees to grow faster and produce stronger fibers.

-         computer operated lighting à allow to grow quicker

-         fertilizers

Explain how technology is used in the following case studies:

A)    Page 166 à Potato Farming in PEI:

B)     Page 190 à On the land: Atlantic Allstar Genetcs

C)    Page191  à From the Sea: Blue Mussels: PEI

15.19How Calvin Samms oh Howley, Newfoundland is using remote sensing technology to control his farming operations:

Remote sensing technology: sensors that allow people to collect information from a distance.

Inside the bar a computer system is linked to the milking machined and automatic feeders. Information on each cow such as size, birth date, number of calves, and pregnancy status is entered onto the coomputer. Other information such as milk production and amount of grain eaten, is updated automatically as the cows feeds or is milked.

            In Calvins Samms main barn. The cows roam freely and eat at feeding stations  When a cow enters a feeding station, a receiver picks up the radio signal from her collar and sends it to the computer. Throughout the day the cow gets several small feed rations, because cows fed in the is way produce more milk than those that eat a lot at one time. The computer has a record of how much feed each cow should receive in a 12- hour period, and simply does not give a particular cow more food after she has consumed her full ration. Cows can consume as much water and hay or silage as they want.

            In the milking aream Samms and his son can milk over 90 cows in approximatly 1.5 hours.  When a cow approaches a milking machine, the machine registers the signal from the animals collar. As milking progresses, the computer records the volume of milk produced. It also measures the tempurature of the milk to check if the cow has a fever. At any time, Samms can find out how how much milk a cow has produce and compare it with how much she has eaten by examining the cows file in the computer. The milking area is spotless , as wastes are automatically pumped away.  Because the barns environment is so well controlled, the cows experience little stress and milk production is farily constant throughout the year.

   1.Know how to construct a pie graph, bar graph, and/or climograph.

2.The four provinces that make up the Atlantic provinces are:

 Newfoundland and Labrador: St. Johns                        Nova Scotia: Halifax

 New Brunswick: Fredericton     Prince Edward Island: Charlottetown

The reasons why Atlantic Canada is called that are: a) Shores of all provinces border the Atlantic Ocean.

b) All four provinces are located next to each other       c) W e share common ways of making a living (forestry, fishing, mining and farming)       d) We share similar climate and physical environment (Appalachia Mountains (Maritime Climate)

3.The developmental sequence of a fiord:

(Diagram on other page)

4.The environmental impact of wetlands and why they should be protected:

a)species that live in bogs will be extinct if we recklessly use our bogs and destroy them(example: army moth)

b)As we destroy bogs we are releasing carbon dioxide and methane gas which both add to the greenhouse effect and global warming.

c)bogs are a key part of the Canadian landscape. When we destroy bogs we destroy parts of Canada.

5.

6. The-greenhouse affect is when gases released by mankind create a blanket that allows the suns rays to enter but prevents them from escaping. Carbon dioxide accounts for 80% of greenhouse. The greenhouse effect is related to global warming because worlds temperatures are gradually increasing. It is dangerous because it affects the balance of the environment. Some species may or may not adapt to changes.

7.What it means by think globally, act locally is that you must think of what is going on in the world. It means that you should do your part in fighting against global warming and pollution by doing things like recycling, composting, or walking instead of using your car. By doing this the world is not going to automatically change, but you will be doing your part in keeping the earth healthy.

8. Know how the following can affect climate:

a) Latitude influences temperature by lower latitudes having warmer temperatures since they are closer to the equator. The latitudes that are higher are farther away from the equator having cooler temperatures. Lower temperatures are warmer because the distance between the earth and the sun is shorter and therefore the heat is ore intense.

It affects precipitation because low latitudes have more rainfall than high latitudes. This is because low latitudes have warmer temperatures, which can hold more moisture, and therefore when it cools there is a higher chance that condensation and precipitation will occur.

b) Air masses affect the climate of an area depending on where it is coming from. Some examples are the continental Arctic air mass from Northern Canada and it is cold and dry, which has less precipitation. Another one is the maritime Tropical air mass from the Caribbean or from the south. The air mass is warm and moist which leads to more precipitation. Another is the maritime polar which comes from the Atlantic and it is cool and moist depending on the season.

c) An example of how ocean currents affect climate would be to compare the Gulf Stream current and the Labrador Current. The Labrador Current is a cold ocean current flowing from north to south. It cools down an area and it will result in less precipitation. The Gulf Stream current is a warm ocean current flowing from south to the north. It warms up an area and is likely to have more precipitation. A note is that the air above an ocean current takes on similar characteristics of the water below it.

d) Closeness to water effects climate because it takes longer for water to heat and cool compared to land. It affects temperature: summer: since water takes longer to heat up then land the wind off the water will bring cooler temperatures. Winter: since water takes longer to cool the wind off the water will keep the temperatures higher.

It also effects precipitation. The large body of water gives an opportunity for air to pick up moisture and depending on the season precipitation may occur.

e) Elevation effects temperature because elevation increases temperature decreases. It effects precipitation because of geographic precipitation. (Look at diagram)

9. These are examples of how the settlement or site of any settlement is influenced by geographic, political and economic factors:

Fredericton: political factors: it was named the capital city in 1784     -buildings had to be built to house the government an courts which meant important people had to move to the area.

Geography: -it is located on the Saint John River          -it had an abundance of natural

-This made it easy to move goods and people               resources.

-         the tree stands were used to produce lumber for housing and ship building

-         The rich soil made it a prime location for farming.

Economic factors: There was an abundance of natural resource. Example: timber stands provides lumber for building ships.            -Rich soil made it and continues to be a prime location for farming.        -Due to its location it was an ideal place for other industries such as tanning operations, carding mills (wool) and gristmills (grain).

Jot notes:

Stephenville: political: Americans came (military) set up here and the population grew.

Geography: Americans picked here since land was flat; airport. Were right on ocean for ships; paper mill

Economic: Americans created services, airport helps economy, the college of the north Atlantic, and the mill creates jobs, the oil in the cape.

St. Johns: Political: became the capital city: courtrooms, house of assembly, head offices

Geography: close to Europe; closest to England, sheltered harbor

Economic: fish merchants, traded fish for sugar, molasses, bread, wine, salt, fishing gear. Hibernia

Corner Brook: Political: no political factors.

Geography: by Humber River, floated logs to mill

Economic: mill

10. The negative impact that the European settlement had on the Aboriginal people is that the Beothuk were susceptible to European diseases and further discriminated by conflict with European settlers. These factors cause the Beothuk to become extinct. In other parts of the region, there were conflicts in NB, NS, and PEI. Aboriginal people became regulated by Canadian law and some were forced by treaties and other regulations off traditional lands and onto reserves.

12.A) absolute location: the exact location of a pint on the earths surface identified by coordinates

relative location: the general location of a place described in terms of distance from another place.

B) convectional condensation: condensation formed by rising air when warmed from below.

Frontal condensation: condensation formed when warm, moist air rises over cold air.

C) traditional culture: culture passed down from one generation to the next.

Popular culture: culture shared by many groups in western society and increasingly, around the world; includes popular music, television shows, brand-name clothing and foods, etc.

D) Urban pull: conditions in urban areas that attract people from the countryside.

Rural push: conditions in rural areas that encourage people to leave

E)mainstream culture: the general culture of the majority of the majority of people.

Contributing culture: cultures of groups within a society that are distinct from the mainstream but contribute to and enrich the mainstream.

F)natural boundary: any physical feature (mountains, rivers, etc.) that are used as a boundary between two places. Examples: Niagara Falls

Political boundary: an agreed upon line by political administration. Example: boundary between Stephenville and Stephenville Crossing.

G)small scale map: map showing a small amount of detail

Large scale map: map showing a large amount of detail.

13. How culture depends on the following factors(use an example to explain it)

Mass production: you need to produce what is demanded.

Mass distribution: you need to get it to the people

Mass communication: you have to convince consumers they need it.

Mass consumption: consumers need to use it.

14.How the following factors resulted in thousands of immigrants deciding to settle in Atlantic Canada:

1.      a) The loyalists were regarded as traitors to the American cause. They were harassed and many of their homes were destroyed. Over 35 000 loyalists boarded ships to re-settle in Nova Scotia. Man y were attracted to the area to the north and the St. John River Valley where they could start a new life with government grants of 40 ha of land for the head of the household and 20 ha for each family member.

b) The Enclosure movement of England resulted in many people moving to the Atlantic Provinces because people began to put fences around their sheep instead of letting them run free. This resulted in there being less need for workers on the farms since the farmers didnt need as many people to round up their sheep. They moved to the Atlantic provinces so they could start a new life with free land.

c) The main reason why the Irish moved to the Atlantic Provinces was because of the potato blight. It didnt hurt the people when they ate the potatoes, but it caused the potatoes to rot, leaving over a million people to starve to death. They moved to the Atlantic Provinces for new oppurnitunites and since it was better then what hey had back home.